Integrating learning styles Essay Example for Free

Integrating learning styles EssayFacilitators use different learning styles such as auditory, kinetic, and optical methods to enhance each pupils ability to grasp material the simplest way possible. Through research, instructors have adapted many instructing methods to tap into each students learning style without alienated other strategies necessary for various learners. Auditory strategies may include speeches, tapes, or auditoria tutorials so the students can complete their rub down as they listen to the facilitators instructions thoroughly (Felder and Soloman, p.1).Instructors should emphasize the key words during their speeches to trigger the students critical listening skills. The keywords of the speech should be relative to their new material, but it must advise them on how to carry out the motions as well (Family Education, p. 2). As in online tutorials, the student must be able to hear the instructions and place the instructions in action by kinetic learning methods. Kinetic methods can include on-hands learning opportunities such as drawing, playing, or writing.An example of this would be to write out the format of a mathematical equation. The students learn to articulate the mathematical structure of the equation in order to answer the question more thoroughly (Felder and Soloman, p. 2). Instructors can use hands-on applications to break the barrier between the textbooks and the informations overall objective. For instance, an galvanizing engineer must use their knowledge in the field in order to work diligently through their coursework.It is very important to give the students a chance to have a complete understanding of what their class material is about through kinetic methods. Visual instructions show students how to replicate the season for a given answer (Family Education, p. 1). For example, a student must know the basics of a mathematical equations in a more, in-depth way to capitalize on the verbal (auditory) and kinetic (working o ut) aspects of the subject matter.Reference Cited Felder, R. M. and Soloman, B. A. Learning Styles and Strategies. North Carolina State University. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from http//www. ncsu. edu/felder-public /ILSdir/styles. htm. Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic Learners. (2006). Family Education. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from http//school. familyeducation. com/intelligence/teaching-methods/38519. html.

Deontological Vs Utilitarian Ethics Essay Example for Free

Deontological Vs Utilitarian Ethics EssayKant believed that morality is dependent upon reason, that to flirt rationally was the same as acting morally. He placed a high value upon duty in determining the moral worth of an feat. Kants deontological morality is essentially an ethics of duty or obligation. As such, he take aways that the moral worth of an action depends solely on whether or not it was done only when from a sense of duty. If an act is done simply because one is so inclined, the act has no moral value. This principle holds true even if inclination happens to be in agreement with duty. To illustrate this point, he uses the example of a truly beneficent person.He says that while bounty to all man is a duty, thither are some who are naturally inclined to be kind. He asserts But I maintain that in such a case an action of this kind, however proper, however amiable it may be, has nevertheless no true moral worth, but is on a level with other inclinations (Gregory an d Giancola, 82). When these spread kindness while motivated by their own inclination to be kind, their kind acts have no moral value, because in his deliberate in order for an act to be moral, it must be done for the sake of duty alone. Essentially, deontological ethics says the less inclined one is to perform an act that duty calls one to, the more moral worth the act has.While deontological ethics is completely independent of inclination, utilitarian ethics is in many was based upon it. Utilitarianism is built on hedonism, which is the claim that pleasure is the supreme good for man. The main idea of utilitarianism is that man is naturally inclined to seek pleasure and avoid pain and this natural inclination is to be embraced as it will lead man to the supreme end, which is happiness. Utilitarian ethics says that moral acts are those that promote pleasure and avoid pain while unlawful acts do the opposite. In is definition of utilitarianism, John Mills says that as far as possi ble, pleasure in its highest quantity and quality should be promoted and this for the greatest descend of people possible. He says, that standard is not the agents own greatest happiness, but the greatest amount of happiness altogether (Gregory and Giancola, 92). In my view this means that according to utilitarian ethics, the moral act is the one that brings pleasure to the greatest amount of people.

Overview of Leadership Personality Theories

Overview of drawship Personality TheoriesCHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONThe study of leaders rivals in age the emergence of civilization, which shaped its leaders as much as it was shaped by them. From its infancy, the study of history has been the study of leaderswhat they did and wherefore they did it (Bass, 1990). According to Keith Davis (1967), Leadership is the tycoon to persuade others to seek delimitate objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards goals. Barnard in 1938, defined leading as, The ability of a superior to influence the behavior of subordinates and persuade them to follow a particular course of action. Leadership has a range of definitions but at its simplest it is concerned with the ability to influence others to accomplish goals.The concept of leaders, and the study of the phenomenon, has its roots in the beginning of civilization. Various work-related variables such as work environment, worker motivations , leaders, managers, leadership style, have been the subject of study for almost dickens centuries. (Gregory Stone, Kathleen Patterson, 2005). The presidential termal commission of the leader emerged over this period, from organizations operating with an authoritarian style to ones that operate with a more(prenominal) harborable work environment. Today, organizations are in a transit stage of empowering, encouraging and supporting personnel in their personal and professional growth passim their careers. The focus of leaders has changed over time, which has influenced and shaped the development and progression of leadership theory (Gregory Stone, Kathleen Patterson, 2005).Researchers have examined leadership skills from a variety of perspectives. Early analyses of leadership from the 1900s to the fifties focused on identifying the differences between the characteristics of a leader viz. a viz. a follower. Study findings suggested that no single trait or junto of traits fully explained the abilities of a leader. Later studies, examined the influence of the situation on leaders skills and behaviors. Subsequent leadership studies attempted to distinguish effective from non-effective leaders. These studies attempted to determine which leadership behaviors were exemplified by effective leaders. Leadership studies of the 1970s and 1980s once again focused on the individual characteristics of leaders which influence their effectiveness and the success of their organizations. The investigations guide to the conclusion that leaders and leadership are critical but complex components of organizations.Leadership is necessary for a variety of reasons. On a supervisory level, leadership is required to complement organizational carcasss (Katz Kahn, 1978) and to enhance subordinate motivation, effectiveness and satisfaction (Bass, 1990). At the strategic level, leadership is necessary to find out the coordinated functioning of the organization as it interacts with a dynamic external environment (Katz Kahn, 1978). Thus leadership is required to direct and guide organizational and human resources toward the strategic objectives of the organization and ensure that organizational functions are aligned with the external environment (Zaccaro, 2001).Research on leadership has been divided into 8 major schools (John Antonakis, Anna T. Cianciolo, Robert J. Sternberg, 2004)Trait School of Leadership (1900s) behavioral School of Leadership (1910s)Contingency School of Leadership (1960s)Contextual School of Leadership (1960s)Skeptics (1970s)Relational (1970s)New Leadership (1970s)Information working (1980s)The trait trend gave way to the behavioral styles of leadership in the 1950s. This line of research focused on the behaviors that leaders enacted and how they accomplished followers. The well-known University of Michigan (Katz, Maccoby, Gurin, Floor, 1951) and Ohio State (Stogdill Coons, 1957) studies identified two dimensions of leadership gene rally referred to as consideration (i.e., employee-oriented leadership) and initiating structure (i.e., production-oriented leadership). Leader behaviors are often discussed in terms of whether the behavior is oriented toward (a) childbed processes, (b) relational dynamics, or (c) change. One consistent theme in the literature is that behaviors can be fit into four categories task-oriented behaviors, relational-oriented behaviors, change-oriented behaviors, and what we refer to as passive leadership.Initiating structure represents task-oriented behaviors. It describes behaviors such as defining task images and role relationships among group outgrowths, coordinating group members actions, determining standards of task performance, and ensuring group members perform up to those standards. They describe leaders as cosmos clear about expectations and standards for performance, and using these standards to shape follower commitment, motivation, and behavior. Moreover, initiating stru cture discusses dealing with deviations from those standards via the use of structure and routines.Relative to initiating structure, consideration leader behaviors describe more relational-oriented behaviors. In particular, leaders high on consideration show concern and respect for individual group members, are friendly and approachable, are open to input from others, and treat all group members as equals (Bass, 1990). A common theme among relational-oriented behaviors is that the leader acts in ways that build follower respect and encourage followers to focus on the welfare of the group. It should be noted that certain aspects of transformational leader behaviors (e.g., individualized consideration) also consist of a relational orientation, which is a point that will be revisited later in the manuscript.Leader behaviors oriented toward facilitating and driving change in groups and organizations represent a third category of leader behaviors that is conceptually distinct from task a nd relational-oriented behaviors. According to Yukl et al. (2002), change-oriented leader behaviors encompass actions such as developing and communicating a vision for change, encouraging innovative thinking, and risk-takingThe present study deals with two dimensions of Leader Behavior, Initiating Structure and Consideration Structure.Initiating Structure reflects to the extent to which an individual is likely to define and structure his role and those of his subordinates toward goal attainment (Fleishman Peters, 1962). It refers to the leaders behavior in endeavoring to establish well-defined patterns of organization, channels of communication, and methods of procedure. Initiating structure refers to getting the job done. The individual who exhibits behavior highly oriented toward initiating structure is one who sees or recognizes the job to be done and more to accomplish it. This individual is task-oriented. He strives to fulfill the purposes of the organization, often at the expe nse of others concerned. Initiating structure reflects behavior whichEmphasizes the quality of work.Clarifies everyones responsibilities.Is continually formulation to get everything done.Offers new approaches to problems.Is first in getting things started.Encourages the meeting of deadlines.Consideration Structure reflects the extent to which an individual is likely to have job relationships characterized by interchangeable trust, respect for subordinates ideas, and consideration of their feelings (Fleishman Peters, 1962). It refers to behavior indicative of friendship, mutual trust, respect and warmth in the relationship between leader and members of his staff. Consideration reflects concern for individuals in a group and their feelings. The individual exhibiting behavior highly oriented to consideration, tries to maintain close understanding between members of a group. This person is more concerned with group gluiness than with accomplishing specific purposes. Consideration is r eflected by a person when heFinds time to listen to others.Does little things to make it pleasant to work with him.Shows interest in others as persons.Compliments others for their work.Has an open ear.Has others share in making decisions.A combination of both initiation structure and consideration structure is the most productive quality of leader behavior.A study conducted by Bruce M. Fisher and Jack E. Edwards, on Consideration and Initiating Structure and their relationships with Leader Effectiveness suggested that situations play a major role in determining the best suitable leader behavior.Leaders play a very important role in the formation and functioning of teams.Henderson and Walkinshaw (2002), defined the effectiveness of a team as, The accomplishment of a desired result, especially as viewed after the fact and the measure of effectiveness as The extent to which a team meets the demands which are placed upon.Work teams in organizations have three features. First, they are real groups intact social systems, complete with boundaries, interdependence among members, and differentiated member roes (Alderfer, 1977). Second they have one or more group tasks to perform, producing some outcome for which members bear collective responsibility and whose acceptability potentially can be assessed. Finally such teams operate in organizational context. This means that the group, as a collective, manages its relations with other individuals or groups in the larger social system in which it operates.To perform well, a team must(prenominal) surmount three hurdles. It must (1) exert sufficient effort to get the task accomplished at an acceptable level of performance (2) bring adequate knowledge and skill to bear on the work and (3) employ task performance strategies that are withdraw to the work and to the setting in which it is being performed (Hackman and Morris, 1975).Teams are formed for the express purpose of accomplishing critically important goals. Its format ion does not automatically lead to performance. In fact, without significant and ongoing nurturing by the leadership of an organization, teams can actually make things worse.It is helpful to understand the building blocks required for a teams success. Robbins and try (2012) describe a three dimensional model that articulates its foundation.Dimension 1 relates to the importance of Context. Organizations need to support the construction and sustainability of a team, and the team itself requires an environment of comfort for its members psychological safety is essential so members can feel free to speak up and engage without ridicule. Performance feedback and motivational systems must also be in place.Dimension 2 suggests Composition is vital. In addition to knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) of its membership, the leader needs to focus on the peoples components as wellDimension 3 reveals Process is important. Teams must have clear purpose and specific goals. It is hard to motivat e without all members having a clear idea of the direction the unit is heading. In addition, mechanisms and agreements must be in place to deal with conflicts that arise and/or the members who are not getting it doneSince teams are a dominant feature in organizations, its effectiveness is paramount to the success of the business. To that end, leaders must understand the dimensions that make a team successful and then work diligently to make it happen. In addition, when teams derail, mechanisms must be in place to bring it back to life it is the responsibility of the leaders to make it happen.

Scope of Religion in Australia

Scope of Religion in AustraliaDiversity in AustraliaAustralia is home to increased spectral diversity and religious pluralism. Its current religious landscape is shaped through the dramatic effect of immigration, the movements to and from devotions or denominations, the exploration of new religious movements and the acknowledgement of no religion. These galore(postnominal) reasons have created an increase and fall of mevery religious customss, as well as ethnic and cultural diversity in Australia.Post war immigration is directly linked to the outgrowth of Australias new wave of migration. This helped greatly in reshaping Australias religious connections with many a(prenominal) religions and denominations in terms of ethnic diversity. Many religions existed elsewhere in the earthly concern but only appeared in Australia as migration and refugee patterns changed. When Indigenous Australians were counted in Census forms in 1960, a vast majority were Christian whilst some still h ad a desire to integrate Aboriginal spectrality and customs into Christian expression. Migrants whom entered after World War 1 were simply those who chose to assimilate and not change the British-European culture. This was because the snow-clad Australia Policy was in place and it was racially prejudice, religiously intolerant and only accepted whites. However, by World War 2 Australia had to Populate or pass along, thus they were desperate to increase population for national security reasons and economic growth. This ultimately led to a immense population increase, as Australia accepted oer 3 million migrants who had arrived from over 60 countries. With Christianity dominating the 19th century, a large majority of the migrants were from South-East Asia, the Middle East and Pacific nations. This however, had not significantly introduced a wide range of religious traditions until the White Australia Policy was abolished. The removal was a sign of recognition and acceptability of religious diversity, this beginning was a gateway to expanded immigration and rapid growth of religions.From the 2006 Census data on Religions in Australia, there was a changing pattern of religious adherence happening. Buddhism is unmatched the fastest growing religions, making 0.5% of the population in 1986 and 2.1% in 2006. They principal(prenominal)ly come from Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Laos, Thailand, Japan and China. Islam is also one of the few religions that are growing at a fast rate, after Christianity and Buddhism, with 1.7%. Most Muslims come from Lebanon, Turkey, Indonesia, Iran and Iraq. Hinduism grew by 0.6% since 1986, making 0.7% of the population and most coming from India and Fiji. Based on todays numbers and the past decades, Christianity and most of its denominations are still dominating Australia, despite the large percentages of decline in total. A steady rate with the Orthodox Christian tradition had significant numbers in affiliates of Orthodox churc hes, growing through the Greek, Cyprus and eastern European migrations. The Roman Catholics have increased to 27% and the Protestant Christians have gradually dropped to 35%, however the Catholics do outnumber the largest single Protestant group, the Anglicans by 8%. Most Protestants switch denominations to a high degree and a field Church Life survey showed that 29% of respondents had switched denominations in the past 5 years and the majority to Pentecostals, which grew by 16%. Today in Australia, all religions or denominations within them are ethnically and culturally diverse. Anglicans no longer represent the British and Buddhists are not only Chinese and Vietnamese Christianity clearly exemplifies this appraisal of diversity. Christianity and its many denominations have followers of different ethnicity and nationalities, which may all believe in the same perfection but might carry out their practices or way of life differently depending on their culture. Migration, religi ous conversion and denominational switching are the few forces that shape the Australian religious landscape today.The abundant expansion in Australian population has caused increases and decreases in some groups. But most importantly the reasons for these changing patterns are because of the rapid growth of stark naked grow religions and many conversions within religion. New Age religions are a free-flowing spiritual movement with a network of believers and practitioners that have their own similar beliefs and practices that they extend onto a formal religion. Its teachings became popular during the 1970s in response to the failure of Christianity and secular humanism, in providing spiritual and ethical guidance. New Age religions can be referred to as para-religous, as they work alongside a religious tradition sharing their features, developing something new that is merely an extension of what is already introduced. However, they do contrast with many religions much(prenominal ) as Christianity, Islam and Judaism in terms of ideas and practices. Rather than the idea of salvation and redemption by God, they focus and place greater emphasis on one-on-one fulfilment, perfection of higher give ins of consciousness.For example, many Australians or non-Australians voluntarily choose to become a follower of Buddhism or New Age religions that follows its beliefs and practices, because of the attraction to achieving a sense of inner peace. Buddhism isnt a faith nor a religion but more of a psychology or philosophy of moral code, that doesnt preach a god or any dogma. Buddhism is in large measure an atheistic system. We liberate ourselves only through detachment from the world. The fullness of such a detachment is not union with God, but what is called nirvana, a state of perfect indifference with regard to the world. The idea of mixing meditation, aromatherapy, yoga or psychology as a way to escape such limits. The New Age seeks to consume and cross-over traditi ons such as Buddhism as resources for individual(prenominal) experience and thus Buddhism is a huge influence of New Age attitudes and understandings. This also shows why Buddhism and New Age religions are high on popularity and rapidly increasing.People who choose to explore New Age or alternate spiritualities may find oneself uncomfortable within their own and they havent got that spiritual connection and special relationship with God and the religion. There is no doubt people are still seeking for answers to the age-old questions that have not been answered in the religion tradition they are bankrupt of, thus seeking for answers in new places. As for those who choose to take up New Age spiritualities, their reasons for conversions to or from may be to search for personal fulfillment, finding that the method of transcendental mediation might be able to heal and raise people. To seek ethical guidelines, by believing that the inner body, forefront and soul has the great potentia l to guide them through life and obstacles. It is them, themselves that they should trust and rely on to become a stronger, better and healthier person. These are the main reasons for religious conversions and to seek for new religious expressions and spirituality.It was not until 1933 that the Australian census form clearly stated that the religion question was optional. In 1947, 10.9% of Australians did not state their religion and this remained pretty constant until 1971 when the instructions of if no religion, write none was introduced. In the census, 6.7% declared themselves as having no religion and agnostics, atheists, humanists and rationalists consisted within this category. In the 2001 Australian census, 15.5% declared themselves as having no religion whilst 11.7% had not stated it, and within those 15.5%, 17565 were agnostics and 24466 were atheists. The huge increase was due to several personal reasons. People had stated themselves of non-religion because they feel there is no need to identify ones private religion to the government. By not answering the question, it does not mean in any way ones rejection to religious traditions. How religious one feels is also another impact on these statistical figures. People may be spiritual or have such connections yet they dont feel they particularly belong to a certain group and for others who are exploring other traditions may find it difficult to classify their religion as well. Other reasons for the growth of no religion was because many people no longer accepted an ancestral religious identification without a question being asked and answering no religion had begun to be more socially acceptable. Materialism also had an effect, as it meant that many had very little interest in religion at all thus most probably ticked the obvious box of simplest words.Through these statistical figures in the Census, it is very hard to define Australias religious landscape, but merely what Australians see themselves as. A vast majority, who have defined themselves as belonging to a certain faith, may say they are Christians yet may have completely no religious profession or practice at all. This then expands on the idea of religiosity, where we tend to question how religious or how often should believers do their practices to be considered as a follower. For example, would those whom go to church on Easter Sunday and Christmas be considered less of a Catholic, compared to those whom go every Sunday for mass as well as the important events?Nonetheless, the religious scope in Australia continues to be dynamic and expansive. It has disposed Australia a richer variety of beliefs and values that may give us a broader understanding of many other cultures, religions and their way of practice. It has given people the chance to become the measures of faith able to exercise their right of choice in being part of a religious community because they insufficiency to and not that they are. Today, Australia s tands as a multicultural multifaith society having a huge ethnic, cultural and religious diversity, promoting harmony and unity.BibliographyLiving Religion textbookMacquarie studies of religion guidehttp//www.geocities.com/Heartland/Hills/5977/newage.htmlhttp//www.religioustolerance.org/newage.htm

The impact of ozone depletion

The impact of ozone depletionThe ozone is a thin layer of triatomic oxygen molecules located at heart the atmosphere which is capable of absorbing fatal ultraviolet (UV) radioactivity from the sun. Ozone occurs naturally within the stratosphere, and it accounts for about 90% of the total ozone molecules in the atmosphere, compared to the tropospheric ozone which forms a major air pollutant and accounts for only10%. Ozone layer in the atmosphere extends vertically up to about 50Km, and there are approximately 12,000 ozone molecules per 1 billion molecules of air, while less quantity exist in the troposphere of about 20-100 molecules per billion molecules of air.Stratospheric ozone is organize finished a continuous complex process of photochemical replyion involving the splitting of oxygen molecules into two oxygen atoms by solar energy and each(prenominal) atom further combines with oxygen molecules to produce ozone. Beca theatrical role the process is sunlight dependent, more ozone is produced at lower latitudes due the concentration of high solar radiation round the equator as such ozone is continually produced and destroyed in these complex chemical reactions. The ball-shaped distribution of ozone depends on conditions such as the availability of atomic number 35 and centilitre in the atmosphere, high solar intensity and latitudinal location that favour the production of the molecules.Without this layer, UV-B radiation when reaching the earth is capable of damaging plant and animal(prenominal) tissues, increasing the risk of health problems such as skin cancer in humans as well as destroying both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.Depletion of the ozone has been observe over the years due to the judgment of dismissal of chemical substances into the atmosphere by humans. In 2005, scientists have observed the cast up in ozone depleting substances (ODS) which results to the thinning of this antifertility layer over Arctic and Antarctic poles by a bout 30 50%, and a world(prenominal) average reduction of about 3 6% compared to the pre 1980 levels. The process of depletion begins with the release of the ozone depleting substances (ODS) such as chlorine and atomic number 35 and chlorofluoro one Cs (CFCs) mostly from human sources. These gases further accumulate into the atmosphere for some time depending of their resident time and then persuadeed to the stratosphere through vertical mixing. These non-reactive gases are further converted into reactive compounds by UV radiation, then chemical reactions takes place to destroy the ozone layer. Finally, these gases are transported buttocks to the troposphere where they are removed through precipitation.Climate throw and ozone layer depletion are interlinked because ozone itself is a greenhouse gas and together with other ozone depleting substances such as bromine (Br) and chlorine (Cl) contribute to orbicular warm. Therefore any varys in the atmospheric concentration and distribution of ozone will have significant impact on the global climate system.Release of these (ODS) substances including degree Celsius dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons has a cooling core on the stratosphere. This cooling effect favours the chemical reactions in chlorine and bromine thereby impart to the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC), a condition that results in the depletion of ozone.Studies have proved that the decrease in stratospheric ozone observed over Antarctica led to changes in the interactions between the stratosphere and the earth. These changes interchange the atmospheric circulation particularly the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), which in turn has an effect on variation of climate around the Atlantic.Depletion of the ozone has another significant effect on the global biogeochemical cycles which has profound effect on the climate system. Increase in the criterion UV-B modifies the carbon cycle by affecting the uptake of carbonic acid gas by pla nts during photosynthesis, as well as carbon storage in plants tissues as biomass.Because the terrestrial ecosystem serves as a net sink for carbon, changes in the amount of UV radiation is capable of disturbing the photosynthetic and respiration processes which link the atmospheric carbon and terrestrial carbon uptake and release. Within the terrestrial ecosystems, sealed plant species become more susceptible to outgrowthd UV radiation, hence reducing their ability to capture and store atmospheric carbon dioxide.Furthermore, a change in the UV radiation increases the browse of productivity of domain micro organisms such as fungi thereby increasing the rate of carbon release from biomass decomposition. This accelerated turn over time of carbon through this process of photo degradation or photo transformation decreases the storage capacity of the soil as a major carbon sink, as such contributing to global warming. Scientific projections from models suggest a major shift in global ecosystems from cooler and wetter to warmer and drier conditions in response to climate change-UV interaction.Another important linkage between ozone depletion and climate change is the alteration of the marine biological pump of atmospheric carbon dioxide into the ocean bottom to a lower place the influence of UV radiation. Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) present in aquatic primary producers which is useful in absorbing UV in the ocean undergoes photo bleaching under higher dose. Thereby resulting in the expiration of the blusher and consequently allow more UV penetration into the ocean and reduce the ability of aquatic plants to fix carbon during photosynthesis.Also, thermal social stratification of ocean amniotic fluid occur as a result of increased CO2 from human- induced processions decreases mid-water oxygen around the depth of 200-800m, which affect carbon uptake by the oceans. This stratification affect vertical mixing of substances such as bromocarbons found in tropical waters. Under the influence of UV, certain ozone depleting reactive radicals such as bromine oxide (BrO) are produced.Conversely, climate change also has a significant influence on ozone layer depletion. This influence may either accelerate or slow down the ozone process of recovery. Climate change induces the formation of Polar stratospheric clouds around the high latitudes which when exported to mid-latitudes generate further depletion of the ozone around such areas. Studies have shown that radiative forcing from global warming may help the ozone to recover because it tends to reduce the formation of such clouds that interact with gases in the atmosphere to destroy the ozone. Evidence was observed in the reduction in the loss of ozone over Antarctica between 2001 and 2004 during the spring period. Since ozone depletion is the principal cause of reduction in temperature of the stratospheric ozone by about (-0.17C/ decade), increase in the emission of Green shack Gas es (GHG) into the atmosphere will have a warming effect thereby reversing this loss. Reactions involving compounds of halogen are directly affected by UV-B and climate change. Halomethane emissions attributed to climate change react with UV-B and consequently regulate ozone availability in the atmosphere. Climate change induced increase in temperature stimulates the release of methyl commonplace and methyl iodide from certain species of plants under the influence of UV radiation. Also, climate change result in the alteration of the global hydrological cycle by increasing the rate of precipitation and eutrophication of organic carbon into rivers and streams from land. Mineralisation of this organic material takes place under the influence of UV to further release carbon into the atmosphere and contribute to global warming.In addition, global warming caused by human-induced increase in Nitrogen oxide (NO), Carbon monoxide (CO), and Methane (CH4) from bush fires increases the rate of production of ozone in the troposphere. As such global warming may increase the amount of aerosols present in the atmosphere which resultantly affects the rate of ozone photolysis by about 6-11%.Other natural factors contributing to climate change such as volcanic eruption and variation in sun-spot activity affect ozone layer depletion. Because ozone depletion in the stratosphere is formed under the influence of solar energy, any increase in the amount of radiation coming from the sun will increase the amount of ozone in the atmosphere. Variation in the 11-year sun spot activity prove an observed increase and decrease in ozone concentration with corresponding maximum and minimum solar cycles respectively. Furthermore, The Brewer-Dobson circulation is responsible for the transport of sulphur gases from volcanic eruptions into the stratosphere. The ascending branch of this circulation transport gas from the tropics upwards while the descending branch return the gases back to the tro posphere in the high latitudes.Volcanic eruptions also release sulphate gases into the atmosphere. These gases importantly reduce the rate of propagation of incident radiation from the sun and decrease the production of ozone. Other natural factors such as the release of methyl bromide into the atmosphere from rice cultivation deplete the ozone and thus increase the penetration of UV radiation.There is a strong relationship between UV radiation, carbon and nitrogen cycling which has a significant climate change implications. Increase in UV can affect the nitrogen cycle through changes in the rate of organic matter decomposition of nitrogen containing compounds through nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen compounds such as ammonia and nitrate are continuously cycled within the biosphere in series of complex processes. Dissolved organic Nitrogen (DON) reacts with UV radiation to break it down into more soluble ammonium compound through the process of photoammonification. All these processes de termine rates of carbon uptake and decomposition in the global carbon cycle. Report from the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO 2003) indicate feedback mechanisms from increasing water vapour into the atmosphere, which increases the availability of odd-hydrogen radical that leads to ozone depletion by disturbing nitrogen and chlorine cycles.Within the marine ecosystem, hydrolysis of bromine and iodine takes place by photolysis reaction in the ocean to produce ozone depleting substances. Marine phytoplanktons like algae found in tropical waters emit halogen compounds into the troposphere. Also, the interaction between UV-B radiation and the sulphur cycle contribute to climate change. Pollutants such as dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and carbonyl sulphide (COS) are emitted as aerosols that have cooling effect on the atmosphere.Climate change can also affect the propagation of planetary waves into the atmosphere (Rhind et al.,2005a2005b Scott and Polvani, 2004 Scott et al., 2004). Climate models suggest a significant impact of climate change on troposphere-stratosphere interaction. Studies by Rhind et al. (2001) estimated in about 30% in this interaction resulted from doubling of carbon dioxide amount in the atmosphere. Estimation by Scaife (2001) shows a decadal increase of about 3% as a consequence of climate change. All these interactions have profound effect on the transport of ozone depleting substances into the stratosphere as well as their removal from the stratosphere back to the earth surface.In order to minimize or eliminate the impacts of ozone layer depletion, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed in 1987, and then came into force in 1989. Under this agreement, various nations that signed up the treaty pledged to reduce the production and consumption of harmful halogen gases .This reduction signal begins with the slowing down the production and then their eventual phase out through the use of substitute gases. The u se of ozone friendly Hydrochloroflourocarbons (HCFCs) was adopted to substitute the use of CFC-12 in the manufacture of refrigerants and foam making agents.The Montreal Protocol has successfully achieved a reduction in the concentration of chlorine in the global atmosphere in the late 20th century. Another important achievement is the reduction in the production of methyl chloroform and CFCs to a near zero level at the global scale. Towards the end of this century, substances such as methyl chloride and methyl bromide are expected to be eliminated from the atmosphere due to the projected stabilisation and subsequent reduction in their production.Complete recovery of the ozone to pre 1980 level is expected under strict compliance to the Montreal Protocol by the middle of this century, with slower recovery rate predicted by computer models around the Antarctic ozone hole.In conclusion, human induced climate change and ozone layer depletion are closely inter-related. With ozone depleti on exacerbating the rate of global warming while climate change continues to deplete the ozone. Therefore necessary measures must be taken under the Montreal and Kyoto Protocol provisions to reduce the emission of ODS and other green house gases in order to save the planet from consequences of further warming effects on human health and the environment.

The Rise and Fall of Country Music Essay -- Music, Robert Johnson

Is unpolished medical specialty still country music? inelegant music has roots unlike any other genre of American music. Country music was one of the most influential styles of music in the ordinal century. It had stars such as Hank Williams and Johnny Cash. These stars represented what the South felt. They understood shotgun weddings, not knowing where the next meal would come from, and fearing the wrath of God firearm simultaneously loving the sweet and instant satisfaction that sin brings. They took those pains and painted beautiful, harsh, and most importantly real portraits of life. The majority of todays country music, the country that is played on mainstream radio, has lost its serious feel and replaced it with a more laid back soundwhich at times makes it hard to essay the difference amid a rock song and a country songand it has left behind authenticity for its Nashville sound and pursuit of bullion and popular appeal.Country music branches off into many sub-genres. You have the blues of Robert Johnson, the more pure country music of Williams and Cash, and the southern rock of Lyndyrd Skynyrd and The Drive-By Truckers. What is the difference between this music and the music played on the radio today? Dana Jennings, the author of Sing Me Back Home and a self-proclaimed country music lover opens his watchword describing authentic country music like this Country music is the backfire of a rattletrap pickup truck creaking down a dirt avenue and the lowing of a lone cow. Its music for scouring junkyards, setting out to the porch, and shooting horseshoesits TB, orphan music, and outhouse music. Its potato sack dresses, trusty three-legged dogs, and water lugged from the well (Jennings 1). This is the type of music played on the radio fifty ... ...hen I had it/ now it is gone Im tuition what that is. This is the story of hating a nine to five job but realizing life is not easy by any stretch of the imagination. It is real.Good country music is still being made, just not for the radio. Trampled by Turtles, Avett Brothers, Bill Mallonee, and Drive-By Truckers ar all consistently putting out great country albums. There are plenty more artists like them, putting out songs not just to make a buck, but also to express their pains and struggles, songs you can adjoin to and songs with feeling. It makes it that much more special finding a good country band. Sooner or later, Nashville will pay for her sins. But until then, listening to grey Rock Opera will teach you ten times more about human frailty and the daily struggles of ordinary people than listening to a hundred hours of a country radio station.

Funeral Customs of African Americans and American Jews :: essays research papers fc

Funeral Customs of African Americans and American Jews The chaos of death disturbs the peace of the living. This unsettling fact of life has proven to be a rich source of inspiration for human efforts to find order in disorder, meaning in suffering, eternity in finitude. Religion, culture, social structures, the vitality of these vestigial elements of communal life depends upon ritually putting the dead proboscis in its place, managing the relations between the living and the dead and providing explanations for the existence of death. - Gary Laderman - 2003A melting prat is an accurate description of Americas cultural diversity. Everywhere across the country many people from different countries and cultures have migrated to the United States. Some model subcultures or communities while others are dispersed and isolated. Over time, many of the ceremonies and traditions, such as funerals, associated with a particular culture have been influenced by or mingled with Euro-American cus toms, causing people to loose touch with the context of their own traditions. For example, some conform to American burial customs and adopt secular attitudes about bereavement, which tend to detract from the power of grief and the impact of loss. This is particularly true with younger generations born in the United States. Also, K uniquely American is the mass use of embalming, as it is the base of the American economic funeral industry. (Mitford V 1998, Introduction) However, many prideful people keep the traditions and customs of their indigenous cultures alive, retaining their distinct ethnic or religious traditions. This newspaper publisher will compare the similarities and differences in funeral practices between two large populations and sub-cultures of the United States African Americans and American Jews, and also how American influences have affected their traditional funeral customs.In the past, when a person died no one asked, When should we schedule the funeral? or Ho w much would you like to spend on a casket? Members of the community simply appeared and began preparing the body for burial and the mourners would provide comfort to the bereaved. Death itself has become something of a stranger because it used to be that death was an everyday occurrence of life, for example people did non live as long, higher infant mortality rates, etc. People usually died at home, surrounded by loved ones. Funerals, like weddings, were not invitational events, but community-wide gatherings. But today, it is possible to reach the age of forty without ever attending a funeral or visiting a house of mourning.