Huckleberry Finn †Morality :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn Morality Society establishes their own rules of morality, but would they be accepted in these days? For example, throughout the novel Huckleberry Finn , Mark Twain depicts nine as a structure that has become little more than a collection of degraded rules and precepts that defy logic. This faulty logic manifests itself early, when the new judge in town allows Pap to keep custody of Huck. The law backs that Judge Thatcher up and helps him to keep me out o my property. The judge privileges Paps rights to his son over Hucks welfare. Clearly, this decision comments on a system that puts a white mans rights to his property--his slaves--over the welfare and freedom of a black man. Whereas a subscriber in the 1880s might have overlooked the moral absurdity of giving a man custody of another man, however, the mirroring of this situation in the granting of rights to the immoral Pap over the lovable Huck forces the reader to think more closely about the mean ing of slavery. In implicitly comparing the plight of slaves to the plight of Huck at the hands of Pap, Twain demonstrates how unacceptable it is for a society that owns slaves to be just, no matter how civilized that society believes and proclaims itself to be. In addition, childhood has been described by the author, as an important factor in the theme of moral education only a child is open-minded enough to undergo the kind of development that Huck does. It was a close place. I took...up the letter Id written to Miss Watson, and held it in my hand. I was a-trembling, because Id got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I know it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and thence says to myself All right then, Ill go to hell--Em dash intended here? and tore it up. It was awful thoughts and awful words, but they was state. And I let them stay said and never thought no more about reforming...It, describes the moral climax of the novel. Jim has been sold b y the Duke and Dauphin, and is being held by the Phelpses spending his return to his rightful owner.

The Life of Billy Pilgrim in Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five or The Chil

The Life of billy goat Pilgrim in Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five or The Childrens weigh Marked by two world wars and the anxiety that accompanies humanitys knowledge of the ability to destroy itself, the ordinal Century has produced literature that attempts to depict the plight of the modern man living in a modern waste land. If this sounds dismal and bleak, it is. And that is precisely why the pertinacious humor of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. shines through our post-modern age. The devastating bombing of Dresden, Germany at the close of World War II is the subject of Vonneguts most highly acclaimed work, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Childrens effort A Duty Dance with Death. Vonneguts experience as an American POW in Dresden fuels the narrative that unconvention tout ensembley defines his generation through the life and death of Billy Pilgrim. The survival of Billy Pilgrim at Dresden and his re-entry to the shell-shocked world reveal a modern day journey of the anti-hero. Von neguts unusual style and black satire provide a refreshing backdrop for a vehement anti-war theme and enhance his adept ability to depict the face of humanity complete with all of its beauty and blemishes. Likewise, Vonnegut adds his witness philosophy concerning time, our place in it, and connection (or disconnection) to it and one other. Perhaps the most crucial step in understanding this intriguing work is to start with its title, which holds the tell to Vonneguts most prevailing theme. Vonnegut addresses the writing of his work about the bombing of Dresden in the first chapter, detailing the stress he felt when faced with such a laborious task. The carnage of Dresden does not haunt those who were not there. The combined efforts of the A... ...dons the glimmer of hope that accompanies the fact that life has its moments of grandeur. He encourages the modern reader to escape the header why me and urges us to embrace a philosophy that consistently reminds us that e ven in the midst of the most cruel (and the most celebrated) events, humanity retains all of its virtue and vice. So it goes. Vonnegut allows us to laugh out loud, despite the tragedies of war and the anxiety of the post-modern world. His picture of the modern man is simultaneously dismal and hopeful. His unique style, satiric overview and astute ability to capture the multiple faces of mankind, properly place him in the realm of the most accomplished authors of the Twentieth Century. Works Cited Vonnegut, Kurt Jr. Slaughterhouse-Five or The Childrens Crusade A duty Dance with Death. New York Random House, 1969.

Kurdish Geopolitics Past and Present :: history

Analysis of Kurdish Geopolitics Past and PresentWho are the Kurds? Most of us have heard somewhat them but dont know who they are. Are they a race, a religion, a country? As we see from the following example, even Europeans who are more than closer to the Kurds still do not have a complete understanding of the Kurds or the middle east in general In the West, the leftover and liberal minded hatful in general, especially in the Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon countries, have usually supported or at least uttered some sympathy with the struggles against both European colonialism and U.S. policies in Vietnam. But as soon as the problem shifted to Biafra, Southern Sudan, Kurdistan or Eritrea - in short, whenever the national unbelief was raised within a third world country - this section of the public opinion has tended to remain silent and confuesed.1 This lack of knowledge about the Kurds and bosom East in general is a major wall between resolution of the many problems that exist in the Middle East. I would like to obligate you a better understanding of what it is to be Kurdish by describing to you the past and present condition of Kurdistan, the state or territory that the Kurdish people populate. A brief understanding of the history of the Kurdish people is all that is needed to successfully accretion just why we should be more involved and better about the current political activities surrounding Kurdistan and the countries that infringe upon it. The Kurdish people have the unfortunate distinction of being the only community of over 15 million in population that has not achieved some form of national statehood.2 This is the problem that needs addressing, people without a country. There Kurds territory, would be country, consists of the mountainous regions of central and northern Zargos, the eastern one-third of the Taurus and Pontus, and the northern half of the Amanus ranges (see F1).4 The Kurdish are an ancient people who about 4,000 thousand years ago started to filtrate into Kurdistan in limited numbers to settle there.3 By the classical era in 300 b.c. the Kurds were already experiencing massive population movements that resulted in settlement and command of many surrounding regions.5 Although they did at times rule over the land outside the mountains, for the most part, the Kurds home ended where the mountains ended. The Kurds as a distinct people have only survived in the mountains.

Hamlet †the Character Laertes Essay -- The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

crossroads the Character Laertes In the Bard of Avons famous tragedy Hamlet the character of Laertes is less clearly presented than others. He is the chamberlains son, and yet he commands popular respect and support for a bid for the kingship. How does one piece unitedly all the evidence in his sprightliness? In The World of Hamlet Maynard Mack describes the interference of a possessive Polonius in the life of his son, Laertes The apparel of proclaims the man, Polonius assures Laertes, cataloging maxims in the young mans ear as he is about to leave for Paris. Oft, but not always. And so he sends his man Reynaldo to look into Laertes life there even, if need be, to put a false dress of accusation upon his son (What forgeries you please), the better by indirections to find directions out. (250) Laertes makes his appearance in the looseness after Marcellus, Barnardo and Horatio have already seen the Ghost and have trifled with it in an effort to prompt it to communicate with t hem. Laertes is in attendance at a social group of the court at Elsinore. Laertes, like Fortinbras a rival of Hamlet (Kermode 1138), appears with his father, Polonius, who is later give tongue ton to manipulate both him and his sister (Boklund 122). Laertes respectfully approaches the king, who asks, And now, Laertes, whats the news with you? / You told us of some reason what ist, Laertes? Laertes responds in a manner befitting the son of the lord chamberlain My dread lord, Your leave and favour to return to France From whence though willingly I came to Denmark, To show my duty in your coronation . . . . (1.2) After Claudius wishes Laertes a farewell for his trip back to F... ...Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Mack, Maynard. The World of Hamlet. Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Shakespeare Modern Essays in Criticism. Rev. ed. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. bare-assed York Oxford University P., 1967. Rosenberg, Marvin. Laertes An Impulsive b ut Earnest Young Aristocrat. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ Univ. of Delaware P., 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos. Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge autobiography of English and American Literature. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 190721 New York Bartleby.com, 2000 http//www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html

Video Game Addiction: Do we need a Video Gamers Anonymous? Essay

moving picture Game Addiction Do we need a Video Gamers Anonymous?Super Mario Brothers, Sonic the Hedgehog, and Street Fighter are familiar names to nearly all of us. They are all best selling racys of study video halt consoles. Over 9.8 billion dollars were spent on video games in the United States during 2001 alone, and video game consoles are present in 36 million homes in the United States (1). With the increasing amount of cartridge holder that people are spending on video games, one is left to wonder if it is affirmable to become addicted to video games. Do we need a Video Gamers Anonymous?Addiction has been defined as A primary, chronic disease, characterized by impair control over the use of a psychoactive substance and/or behavior. Clinically, the manifestations occur along biological, psychological, sociological and spiritual dimensions (2). While there is currently no category for video game addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3), which is the manual utilized to diagnose psychological disorders, video game addicts are often described by clinicians in the field as displaying many symptoms characteristic of other addictions. These behaviors include failure to stop playing games, difficulties in work or school, telling lies to loved ones, decreased attention to personal hygiene, decreased attention to family and friends, and disturbances in the sleep cycle (4). Withdrawal symptoms can change surface include behaviors as severe as shaking (5). All addictions can be dangerous and harmful to the addicted person and others around him however, video game addiction can be particularly detrimental to children. Video games are becoming increasingly popular with children of young ages, which in turn may raise... ...//www.selfhelpmagazine.com/articles/ meshing/cybaddict.html4)When games stop being fun,http//msnbc.msn.com/news/737966.asp?0si=-5)Video games Cause for concern?,http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1036088.stm6)Vid eo games Research, ratings, and recommendations, Contains many references for empirical studieshttp//ericeece.org/pubs/digests/1998/cesar98.html7)Video games addiction, http//www.theparentreport.com/resources/ages/preteen/kids_culture/130.html8)Are video games really so bad?,http//www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990510/video3.html9)Questions Answered,http//www.missouri.edu/kingjw/feb15q.html10)Positron Emission Tomography ,http//exn.ca/environment/11)The Biochemistry of Human Addiction, Discusses the role of dopamine in addiction http//www.er.doe.gov/feature_articles_2001/June/Decades/94.html

Essay --

For decades, America has been the fastest growing economy country in the world, and Detroit was atomic number 53 of the most leading populous urban center in the United States. Back in 1930, Detroit was the fastest growing city, but now is the fastest shrinking city with more than 100, 000 abandoned homes (Heidi Ewing and Rachel Grady). Similarly, Bay line of business economy was the envy of the nation with high employment rates and GDP growth like Detroit in the 1930s, and is shortly suffering from losing jobs, residents, and status. Both Detroit and the Bay Area are single resource-based industries - where Detroit is manufacturing dominated, and Bay Area is high technology dominated. However, the Bay Area will not go bankrupt and become a ghost town in fifty forms, because its high diversities in the economic opportunities are attracting people to stay and work here. noble educated and talented people is the fundamental for the economic development in the cities. In Detroit, m any workers in the car industries are either unskilled or low skilled workers with only high school diplomas simply because of those works do not need special talents or skills in order to book the work done. Due to the division of labor, large jobs are breaking down into many tiny components. Under this regime each worker becomes an expert in one isolated area of production, thus increasing his efficiency (Adam Smith). Detroit was not creating suitable jobs for high educated or professional people to work on that point therefore, it caused the brain drain. Brain drain by definition means the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or theater for another usually for better pay or living conditions (Merriam Webster Dictionary). This means that high skil... ...cars. According to Nancy Andrews, Christopher Kirkpatrick, and Eric Millikin, Detroit went on a binge starting around 2000 to underweight budget holes and to build infrastructure, mor e than doubling debt to $8 billion by 2012. Detroit was borrowing money to build these infrastructures that are not capable of doing other things pull out to build cars therefore, when other countries cars has found out other ways to make cheap cars and to sell their cars for a cheaper price, Detroit cannot lower their cars prices due to their loans for building the infrastructures. However, the Bay Area will not go bankrupt because it is not in debt. In contrast, the Bay Area is gaining a revenue, which the grand total revenue is $6670.6 millions in the year of 2013. In addition, the Bay Area is planning to gain a revenue of $276.92 billions in next twenty eight years (Plan Bay Area).

Travel Agency Strategy

H Travel Agency Strategy Plan February 25, 2013 This paper leave alone look at the challenges that the travel agency is facing, detailing a final ca work for change establish on observations of challenges that the HR department is facing. Using metrics to rationalize change and how they do-nothing assist senior management during the think process. Furthermore at that place will be an outline for the determination of the HR strategical plan combined with methods for the recruitment and selection methods. The details deliverd should help in assisting the travel agency overcome their challenges with a new plan to help them grow and start out a formidable opponent to the competition.The travel agency appears to have challenges with the employees and the HR department. there are no goals or structure for the employees to rely on, and no goals to achieve. There are six major functions of HR that are requisite to be implementing in put for the change to begin in the Travel agenc y. According to Byars and lament (2008) The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) has identified six major functions of human pick management 1. Human resource planning, recruitment, and selection. 2. Human resource development. 3.Compensation and benefits. 4. precaution and health. 5. Employee and labor relations. 6. Human resource research. (Byars & Rue, 2008). The HR department can start to outline a plan if HR, management and the employees all have clear confabulation and direction of what the HR department is for and how they assist the connection and the employees. The challenges that the HR department will face is using, HRP (Human resource Planning), to align the companys overall strategic plan with the appropriate employees in place to achieve this goal.According to Byars and Rue (2008) Human resource planning (HRP), also referred to as workforce planning or military force planning has been defined as the process of getting the right number of qualified people into the right job at the right time. HRP involves applying the basic planning process to the human resource needs of the organization. To be effective, any human resource plan must be derived from the strategic and operational plans of the organization.In essence, the success of HRP depends mostly on how closely the human resource department can integrate effective people planning with the organizations business planning process. 5 Unfortunately, HRP is often inadequately tied to overall corporate planning. (Byars Rue, 2008). There are four statistical modeling techniques that can be used by the HR department to bespeak the needs that the agency will need. The can use time-series analysis, personnel ratios, productivity ratios and the regression analysis.Another technique that can be used is benchmarking, benchmarking involves thoroughly examining internal practices and procedures and step them against the ways other successful organizations operate. Byars and Rue (2008). In o rder to meet the Demands of the company and put a solid plan into place, a skills inventory should be completed to see what types of employees the company has and their skill sets to determine future teaching and proficiency opportunities. A skills inventory consolidates entropy about the organizations human resources.It provides basic information on all employees, including, in its simplest form, a list of the names, certain characteristics, and skills of employees. Because the information from a skills inventory is used as input into promotion and transfer decisions, it should assure information about each employees portfolio of skills, not just those relevant to the employees current job. (Byars & Rue, 2008). The next step will be metric for the HR department to make headway data that can be used to show the senior management areas of improvement, or areas that need a deeper focus.These metrics can show where the company spends the most of their time and money along with, ar eas of the company or departments that do not meet the desired metric goals. Metrics can show productivity based on a set desired goal for the companies employees. Metrics refers to any set of quantitative measures to assess workforce deed. Examples of metrics that HR might use include such things as analysis of the cost per hire, average length of time to fill a position, training cost per employee, turnover cost per employee, and new-hire performance by recruiting strategy. Byars & Rue, 2008). The reason that metrics are so important to the decision making of the senior staff is that they provide a starting point for the company to see where they need to start their focus for change. Being able to evaluate an employees performance will help coach and mentor the employee. Metrics provide real numbers that can show areas were training is needed to get the employees to a desired output or percentage goal. Communication of the desired results or a t new strategic plan can be tricky, especially to a skeptical bunch that has really had no definition or goals in place.They are going to want to write out what is in it for them. Communication is the key to ensure understanding. The whys must be answered, why this necessary, why are we doing this what is in it for me. In order to communicate these new changes all of these must be answered. The goal is to let the employees to know what HR does and what will be changing, for instance life story planning, development and training. This will be to ensure that all employees have or will have the knowledge and skills to perform to the level that the company wants their employees to be at.Letting the employees know that they are here to assist them in getting to where they want to be, while providing them an outline of career path and training to keep them interested. Where there is room for advancement there is room for recruiting new staff member with skills to help the company grow. When it comes to recruiting, there a re several methods that can be used. Using internal sources at first, the organization will keep moral up as they seek already trained and qualified personnel.Another method is reaching outside the organization to knead in new talent with other perspectives and fresh ideas to bring to the team. Organizations have at their disposal a wide range of external sources for recruiting personnel. External recruiting is needed in organizations that are growing rapidly or have a large demand for technical, skilled, or managerial employees. (Byars & Rue, 2008). The external sources bring all types of employees overconfident they bring a wider skill set to choose from. Other sources include using job boards, advertising, web sites, job placement agencies, employee referrals and walk- ins.When it comes to the selection process there are things that need to be looked at, what exactly is the company in need of, where do they want to go, where have past internal and external employees gone indo ors the company. Use the metrics to see what has panned out in the past. In conclusion the travel agency has been lacking clear direction for future growth. In order to grow and to achieve success, the HR department and management need to determine how to incorporate the strategic plan and goals of the company into the HRP.The HRP will then create goals, training and structure for growth in the company by determining what the company has in terms of employees and their skills. By determining the skills of employees then HR and management can determine the new metrics based off of the old ones and by using the metrics they can determine what changes need to be made first. By determining where the company is lacking in production will the help senior management determine what types of employees are needed for future success. References Byars, L. L. , & Rue, L. W. (2008). Human resource Management (9th ed. ). New York, NY McGraw-Hill.

Dr. Maya Angelou (personality theory) Essay

Dr. Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Johnson on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. Her father, Baily Johnson, was a doorman, and, later a dietician for the navy. Her mother, Vivian Johnson, was a registered nurse. When Angelou was three years old, her pargonnts were divorced. They sent her and her four-year-old brother, Baily, Jr., to alive(p) with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson, in Stamps, Arkansas. Henderson ran a small general store and managed to scrape by. She continued to do so after her grand electric razorren joined her.Angelous grandmother was champion the numerous strong who trained her, helped her, and provided her with role models. The people of her church too nurtured her and gave her a sense of belonging to a community. But her child hood in the south was a nightm atomic number 18. In 1982, Maya Angelou told Ebony Magazine about Stamps. She utter When I was taken to California by my grandmother, I vowed never to return to the grim, abase south. Exc ept for a tentative trip to visit when I was eighteen, I didnt break my promise until I was forty years old.When she was seven and a half, Angelou left Stamps to visit with her mother. While thither, she was assault by her mothers boyfriend. He was tried, found guilty, and kicked to death in prison. The confused little girl tangle responsible for his death and withdrew into herself. I was mute for five years, I wasnt cute and didnt speak. I thought he was killed because I spoke his get word that was the only logic I was able to employ. So I thought if I spoke, anybody might die. In frustration, her mother sent her back to Stamps. Her emotional separation caused many to think of her as backward, but her grandmother did not give up on her. My grandmother told me all the time, Sister, Mama dont criminal maintenance what these people say about you being a moron, being a idiot. Mama dont care. Mama know, Sister, when you and the good Lord get ready, youre gonna be a preacher. Angelo u was also helped by a woman named Bertha Flowers, who introduced her to literature.By the time of her graduation from eighth grade, she was at the head of her class. While attending uplifted school, she took drama and dance lessons. She then decided that she wanted to be a streetcar conductor in San Francisco. Although San Francisco had never had a Black conductor and was not eager to hire one, she persisted and, with her mothers support managed to attain her goal. At sixteen Angelou gave birth to her son, Guy. She did not plan herpregnancy but has always been acceptable that it happened. The greatest gift Ive ever had was the birth of my son. Because when he was small, I knew more than he did, I expected to be his teacher. So because of him, I meliorate myself. He began to ask questions I didnt have the answers to, so I started my invigorationlong love affair with libraries . . . Ive learned an awful lot because of him. Still, her life at this time was not easy. In addition to teaching her son, she also had to support him. She was a cook and a nightclub waitress and, for a concise time, madam for two lesbian prostitutes. She began doing drugs but then quit after seeing what they had done to her brother. When she was twenty-two, Angelou married Tosh Angelos, a white former sailor. devil years later she left him and became a professional dancer. She then moved to New York to pursue a career and study with Pearl Primus. In 1954, she was bowl in a production of Porgy and Bess that toured Europe and Africa. When she came back to the United States, in 1960-61, she was northern coordinator of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In 1961 she also appeared in an acclaimed off-Broadway production of the Blacks, by Jean Genet. The show was highly successful and ran until 1964.By this time, Angelou was writing poetry, short stories, and songs. Her reputation was growing. In 1970, I Know wherefore the Caged Bird Sings was published. It became a be st seller and an instant classic, and became a make-for-television movie. In 1971, her screenplay Georgia, was made into a film, making her the first Black woman to have an captain screenplay produced. The four other volumes of her autobiography are, Gather Together in My Name (1974), Singin and Swingin and Gettin Merry Like Christmas (1976), The Heart of a woman (1981), and All Gods Children Need Travelin Shoes (1986). She also published several volumes of poetry and has been nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for one of the, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of weewee fore I Diiie (1971).In 1973, Angelou appeared on Broadway in Look Away and was nominated for a Tony Award. In 1977 she received an Emmy nomination for her performance in the mini series Roots. She was appointed to the Bicentennial Commission by President Gerald Ford and to the Commission of International Womens Year by President Jimmy Carter. For manyAmericans, one of the most memorable moments during the inauguration of Pre sident Bill Clinton, on January 20, 1993, came when Maya Angelou recited the poem, On the Pulse of Morning not since 1961, when Robert Frost read his work at the ceremony for president John F. Kennedy, had a poet taken part in a presidential inauguration.Dr. Angelou is best known for the first volume of her autobiography, in it, she courageously speaks of her battle to overcome abuse, rape, and poverty. For thousands of young Black women reading the book, it is a way of passage for those who have been similarly victimized, it is like a soothing ointment that helps repossess the wounds. Angelou gives a voice to the voiceless she says, Youre not alone. In happened to me too. You are not to blame. You will survive.The Humanistic approach can be applied to Dr. Maya Angelous biography in a number of ways. In order to do so, I attempted to take each piece by piece to crystallize a clear understanding of both. Beginning with the four elements of the approach it is obvious that she accept s personality responsibility for her life, and doesnt blame anyone else for anything bad that may have happened to her. She hasnt allowed anyone else to make her decisions. Her need for personal growth doesnt seem like it has been met due to the fact that she continues to work and strive for more. I would consider Dr. Angelou to be a fully functioning person because she trusts her own feelings, and experiences them very deeply. It is easy to tell that she really cares about other people and is a true humanist (motivation by growth need).When looking at Manslows hierarchy of demand, it is obvious that her physiological needs have been met, simply because, she is still alive. Since her life as a child was very chaotic and her future was unpredictable, her safety needs were not met at that time. Statements such as All my life, everything has been about survival. All of my words are meant to say. You may encounter many defeats but you must not be defeated. In fact the encounter may b e the very experience which created the vitality and the antecedent to endure, lead me to believe the she has, however, managed to find a way to stabilize her life and have those needs met.What I would like said about me is that I dared to love. She said to Essence Magazine. By love I mean the condition in the human spirit so profound it encourages us to develop courage and relieve oneself bridges and learn to trust those bridges and cross the bridges in attempt to reach other human beings. This shows that her belongingness and love needs have been met because she knows that they are important and has allowed them to be. I believe that the kind of love adopted by Angelou is B-love because she is really concerned with the well-being and growth of others. I could tell that her self-esteem needs have also been met because if they werent, she wouldnt be as successful as she is.One statement in the book that really stood out to me about self-actualization was made by Manslow An artist must paint, a poet must pen, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. He must be true to his own nature. I feel that although Angelou is doing something that makes her happy, and that she loves, her self actualization needs have not been met because she continues to do more. I in person believe that if these needs are met, then people lose their motivation and drive to live, because there is nothing to achieve, no goals to reach, which results in nothing to look previous to anymore.Maya Angelou is a psychologically healthy person because she does posses self-actualizing creativity, which is shown in her writing, she accepts herself, and expresses herself freely. I think her life seems to be full of optimal experiences, one of which is writing. She has stated that she can write for eighteen hours straight in complete solitude and not notice it. She also seems to have no problem with disclo reliable, which is obvious because she is a writer. S he continuously puts her feelings and emotions on display. She discloses events that are traumatic as well as those that are not, which seems to be good for her self-development because it is a great release. Im not really sure if Dr. Angelou has experienced loneliness, but it is possible because everyone has felt that way at one time or another.One would say of my life-born loser-had to be from a broken family, raped at eight, unwed mother at sixteen . . . in fact but thats not the truth. In the Black community, however bad it looks, theres a lot of love and muchhumor. This statement shows that there are many ways in which race, and sex have affected Angelous life because she would not have gone through a lot of the experiences that she has if she simply were not a Black woman.Youre going to be famous, Billie holiday told Maya Angelou in 1958, but it wont be for singing. The first part of this prophecy was fulfilled. The second part, in the most superficial sense, was true as well . Angelous fame did not grow from the nightclub singing she was then doing to support herself and her son. But in a way Holiday was wrong. Since she first put paper to pen, Maya Angelou has been singing.In closing, by taking all of the aspects of the Humanistic approach into consideration, I believe that it does, give a few possible explanations about Dr. Angelous personality when say to the little information that is given about her in her biography. By writing this paper I feel that I have gained a deeper insight on how to appreciate and do this approach to the life and personality of anyone. I understand how this approach can apply to many people that I come into pass every day and possibly explain why they behave in the manners that they do. If they are writers and all that they put forth are sad pieces, if they are singers and mostly talk about sex. Whatever the case may be, there is a reason behind the things that people do. The humanistic approach can apply to all areas of life with no exclusions based on race, class, or gender.

Differences Between Capitalism And Marxism

In the wake of the current and unprecedented economic recession being felt not only across the United States but too the world over, it merits noting that the once-sound structures of modern economies be, more and more, being placed downstairs the lenses of theoretical review and scrutiny. Concretely, there are those who seek to inquire notwithstanding the risks of proffering politically unwished nouss about the current crisis whether or not the worlds unqualified embrace of the principles of Capitalism has reached its limits, if not has finally backfired.Anthony Faiola for instance contends that the American hands-off meditate deregulated style of handling its grocery economy is the sufficient explanation to the wander of its break economic problems (2008, p. A01). Faiolas review, more than anything else, should invite people to seriously interrogative sentence the structure of modern economies which has been in place for the longest time.In view of much(prenominal) felt need, what this paper attempts to do is to bring into the fore the contrasting themes of Capitalism and redness Socialism, in the hope of gleaning from such juxtaposition certain insights as to which economic structure best addresses the present crisis haunting the affairs of world economies in the present and in the near future. Differences between Capitalism and Marxism Capitalism is catchall term which pertains to the conduct of market economies marked by adherence to the laws of free spate and private operation.Under such scheme, private individuals act as the primary controllers of the prices of goods and services within a given economy albeit, such control is confirmed by laws that stipulate the parameters and range of the conduct of free trade. Capitalism is thus a principle of economic affairs. And any country can adapt such principles according to its exigencies and needs, depending on which face of Capitalist approach would benefit the people in the process.For as long as an economy subscribes to the fundamental affirmation of a private citizens regenerate to freely conduct the nature, type and scope of his or her business affairs, such structure must be deemed an expression of Capitalism. Key to understanding Capitalism, as and so any type of market economy, lies in identifying the locus of control being exercised between the private citizens on the one hand and the State regulators on the another(prenominal) hand. In a Capitalist economic structure, the locus of control leans towards the side of the private citizens.This is because private citizens have a right to dictate on the forces of the market economy according to their desire e. g. , they can decide outright on the amount of the goods and services which they want to produce, inasmuch as they can demand the correlative prices which shall be exacted in view of the volume of their production. Conversely, the State does not enjoy significant latitude in determining the prices of goo ds and services under the Capitalist model.While they can drift limits in respect to fair trade, it nevertheless cannot directly interfere with the more intricate details of a market economy, such as those that pertain to the role of prices and volumes of goods. In a manner of speaking therefore, any market economy which operates under the banner of Capitalist foundation appears to operate a world of its own. Samuelson and Nordhaus, in evaluating the merits of Adams Smiths The Wealth of the Nations, have this to sayBut of all his (Smiths) contributions to economic analysis, the boldest was his recognition that the market mechanism is a self-regulating natural baffle that the price system organizes the behavior of people and does so in an automatic fashion without central direction. (Samuelson & Nordhaus, 1989, p. 824). In other words, well-nigh Capitalist economies operate under the a scheme where private individuals are free to pee-pee in as much as they want, so long as their efforts and resources permit. By course of contrast, the Marxist economic model which too often is called Socialism takes cue from Marxs criticisms of unregulated Capitalism.It should be pointed out however that Marxs critical take of Capitalism stems largely from his embrace of socialist ideologies. Early on in life, germinal seeds of anti-Capitalist leanings have already peppered much of Marxs writings. Chief to his contentions lies in his feeling that human persons are creatures necessarily called towards greater societal function. Says Marx mans nature makes it possible for him to reach his fulfillment only by working for the nonpareil and social welfare of his society (as qtd.in Giddens 1).This is his basic ethical principle i. e. , that persons are measured by how well they contribute to the wellbeing of society. And by putting higher tribute than most on the welfare of the society over the capricious desires of the individuals, Marx had therefore set the record straig ht about his stance on economics. According to Marx, the most viable way by which the world can ensure communal progress lies in the adoption of the communist ideals.This entails implementing a radical form of socialism i. e., where private control is supplanted by State bureaucracy, where the right to own is overtaken by the States prerogative to allocate resources, as indeed where individual welfare is taken secondary only to the welfare of the majority (Samuelson & Nordhaus, 1989, p. 833). Marx further believes that this type of socialism must give way to Communism, where not only all fur-bearing individuals are considered as rightful citizens of a country, but all people including those which do not exist for a political economy such as beggars, thieves, the unemployed and the underprivileged are made to share the fruits of the economy (Giddens 10).By Way of Conclusion A Path that Treads in Between Having presented thus the theories of Capitalism and the socialist ethics of Marx, it behooves us to therefore inquire like a shot that most Capitalist economies are at the brink of recession, if not already in a demesne of recession, which economic paradigm best represents the solution to our problem Capitalism or Communism? I believe that the answer lies in how well our world governments are able to integrate the reasoned premises of Capitalism with the moderate truths espoused by Communism.Put in simpler terms, I believe that there is a wisdom that lays in pickings both theories in moderation. On the one hand, the world needs to acknowledge that an unregulated type of Capitalism is bad for the country. This is what, in part, Fiola has in article contended. The extremely liberal conduct of economics, so much so that world governments are left in no position to regulate much of the affairs of a market economy, would end up wholly unmanageable in the long run.The recent turn of events is a witness to this. The fact that many private companies are seekin g for bailout only goes to show that government intervention is needed, not only in times when privately-owned companies are at the brink of collapse, but also in times when it is expansive and prolific. In this way, world governments can check whether the principles of free trade are translated into beneficial returns for all citizens.On the other hand, it is certainly not clear-sighted to adopt, in its entirety, the principles of Communism. Surely, governments cannot take over all private ownerships in a manner being radical and swift. Given that the operation of market economy is render by free trade, any hostile takeover would spell doom for all the constituents of a given country. Instead, world governments must learn that liberal trade does not give private citizens full and inviolable right to determine all the forces of a given economy.What this present economic turmoil teaches is summed in the idea that leaving private citizens to conduct all areas of the economy by thems elves cannot serve the best interest of the society. Thus, there are reasons to think that what is needed right now is to correct the extremely liberal principles of Capitalism, by giving world governments greater latitude to regulate free trade in a manner that serves greater interests well.

“Mob Scene” Commentary Essay

During the obstruct scene in To Kill A Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses juxtaposition of light and isolated imagery to convey the contrast that exists between good and reprehensible. Through this comparison, the uncertaintyful and tense mood is portrayed strongly to the reader.Throughout the scene, dark shadows are vividly associated with the theme of evil, and the mob. The first evidence that clearly builds suspense about the mob is shadows became substance as lights revealed solid shapes (202). This quote server to keep the readers mind cerebration about how the mob might actually look. Since Harper Lee leaves a neutral expression on the mobs faces, the reader can make their own translation on the mobs facial expression, and how they look. Solid shapes may also be a sign of evil or harmful beings since there are not both physical features associated to the body. By saying the bodies were dark solid shapes, a suspenseful mood is made and portrayed to the reader.As the tens e mood arises throughout the mob scene, observe, Jem and Dill decide to go help out genus Atticus. I pushed myself through dark unsporting bodies and burst into the circle of light. (203). In this part of the scene, innocent Scout pushes her way through the dark mob, finding herself in a circle of light with Atticus. The dark mob, and the circle of light in which Atticus sits, makes a rattling distinct barrier of good and evil. Atticus being the good guy sits and guards his defendant Tom Robinson in the circle of light while the dark smelly bodies of the mob plan to murder them both. Having both sides with different opinions, intentions and colour description, portrays the tense mood.The final evidence from the mob scene that displays a contrast of good and evil is when Atticus, Scout, Jem and Dill leave the dangerous mob. As they passed under a streetlight, Atticus reached out and massaged Jems hair, his one gesture of affection. (207) This quote shows a reappearing sign of ant icipate and goodness. Even though Atticus demanded Jem and the others to go back home (for their own good), without being successful, Atticus still loves his boy and cares for him. Harper Lee purposefully shows Atticuss sign ofkindness to demonstrate that light is a symbol of kindheartedness and morality.In conclusion, Harper Lee creates a moment of tension and suspense in To Kill A Mockingbird during the mob scene through the juxtaposition of the ominous threat of the dark elements upon the light.

Dreams and Nightmares: Big Parts of Our Lives? Essay

Every nonpareil rests. Humans, dogs, primates, rats, and the rest of earths inhabitants every last(predicate) experience the relaxing and necessary state of sleep. It appears to honorable be an unconscious state essential for survival however, much more is going on than meets the eye. Sleep is accompanied by reveries, a term associated with adventures, experiences, and conflicts, which bef altogether in ones mind during those hours season one is fast asleep in bed. All slew trance from the moment they enter this ball to the day they leave, but whether or not they remember what they experienced the previous night varies. I, of course, am no exception and have dreams dating years vertebral column to my younger days that have remained in my memory.Upon waking, I recall having a confused, entertained or disturbed reaction to these dreams and counterbalance remember some of them bear on the rest of my day or just my life in general. The recent premiere of the movie Inception, a movie revolving around the dream world, has helped spark my pursual into the dreams and their true purpose. I have been pondering if they have a bigger role in our lives rather than just a source of entertainment while we sleep. Prior to beginning research, my factual knowledge of dreams was quite limited to my personal experiences, as I have had my fair sh are of dreams as well as nightmares.I knew that dreams were usually perceived as happy and nightmares were almost always frightening experiences. Some dreams could similarly be interpreted for deeper meanings. Lastly, prior to researching, I knew dreams only if lasted a portion of the time, and one usually had a difficult time remembering the content of the dream upon awakening. Through my research I wished to discover how race are affect by their dreams and nightmares in their behavior, mood, and their overall physiological health. I also wished to know if thither were any past evidences of events which happened in dire ct correlation coefficient to dreams. I was hopeful in finding the true meaning of dreams and how big of a role they actually have in our lives.Dreams do not get and go as they please the period when people experience dreams is when they are peacefully sleeping. When one finally falls into a slumber, the body and mind view a calendar method of birth control through five sleep phases (Obringer). In the first phase, one is in a very light sleep where it is easy to be wakened, and as the cycle continues one falls into a deeper and deeper sleep. Up to the fourth phase, muscle activity greatly declines, breathing and heart rate slow d admit, and the caput sends out the slowest of the encephalon waves, Delta Waves. Up to this point, known as Non REM sleep, the body and mind are at basically full relaxation without experiencing fast eye movement. The fifth phase, however, is when things seem to reverse. As the body enters the fifth stage, known as Rapid-Eye Movement, or R.E.M, the he art and breathing rate accelerate, blood pressure rises, and brain activity increases to the same level as when one is awake (Obringer). This is the period when most dreaming takes place.The body also appears to get paralyzed by an amino group acid during this stage and it is suggested that this paralysis could be natures way of making sure we dont act out our dreams (Obringer). REM was named after the movement of the eyes during this period, where the brain tells the eyes to move and scan a scene that only exists in the mind (Dement 299). One goes through this entire five-phase cycle about four or five times a night, with each dream only lasting about five to twenty minutes (Diagram mathematical group 24). How could an event with such a short duration possibly have a big impact on our lives?Dreams have been deemed important and meaningful in our lives for thousands of years. From the Babylonians and Egyptians to the Greeks and the Romans, dreams have been believed to be of great i mportance. In ancient times, people believed most of the dreams to be sent from the gods and nightmares to be sent from demons (Diagram conclave 4). They believed dreams helped heal the sick and injured, delivered messages and demands from the gods, and even foresaw the next (5-7). In later years, theories began to develop about the purpose of dreams. One of the most respected theories came from Sigmund Freud, a well esteemed psychologist.Freud believed that dreams serve to aid in maintaining sleep through possible disturbances When one is sleeping and is exposed to a worrying stimulus, psychological processes would work to incorporate the dream into a dream rather than allow the person to be woken (Robbins 14). For example, a loud noise in the dreamers environment would be morphed into thunder in a dream by the mind to keep the dreamer asleep (Robbins 14). He also claimed that dreams used symbols to show us our surreptitious aggressive and sexual desires (The Diagram Group 32). Others suggested that dreams showed ones hidden ambitions and fears, ones desire for power and ones past memories. Everything seen in a dream is a bump of the dreamer. Despite the theory, it was clear that dreams had a purpose in life rather than just to entertain dormant minds.From the earliest moments in time, people have wakened from sleep just after going through an experience they could have sworn had actually exitred however they had only just experienced a dream, or a series of images, sensations, ideas, and emotions occurring in the mind during sleep. As time has passed and dreams have been recorded and recalled, categories of dreams have been developed lucid dreams, where one knows hes dreaming nightmares, disturbing dreams with anxiety and frightening images recurring dreams, repeating dreams with little variation ameliorate dreams, dreams that affect the body prophetic dreams, dreams seemingly to predict the future progressive dreams, a sequence of dreams that continu e over period of nights and epic dreams, vivid dreams that one cannot ignore (Dream Moods Inc).All these dreams have the common underlying fact that they reflect your own underlying thoughts and facial expressionings and everything in your dreams are personal to you (Common). Dreams have been described as links to our subconscious. It is said that the subconscious never stops taking in all the factors, events and people that affect ones life Henry Reed talks about a higher self, or the witness, which watches everything we do, say feel and think. Our high self never goes to sleep, it is always awake, watching, processing and seeing things from an objective perspective as we struggle through our lives (Dreams). Henry Reed, a psychology professor at UCLA, used the term higher self to refer to the subconscious of the body.The body and mind may sleep, but the subconscious does not, as if analyzes everything that one saw, experienced, smelled, etc and all other aspects of a persons li fe. It recognizes stress and other disallow factors impacting our lives, and, as a result, dreams are created in order to help people cream problems and get on with their journey through life. The subconscious can make images and embed symbols wrong of dramatic stories in dreams so that you can see yourself from the inside, and be capable of solving personal issues one may never have recognized before, or has just neglected in hopes it would go out (Dreams). Dreams provide valuable insight deep within oneself, and have led to affect many peoples lives upon returning to reality.Dreams experienced during the night may majorly affect people for the rest of their day once awake. Dreams revolving around the body can help in avoiding potential health problems and aid in the healing process when one is sick or grieving (Dream Moods Inc). Bodies have the capability of warning the mind through dreams that something is wrong before physical symptoms even appear, whizing(a) to many peopl e making sudden doctor and medical appointments. Dreams also have the ability to overall heal the mind and body through a feeling of rejuvenation. Progressive and recurring dreams help people solve problems they usually do not front directly and usually try to avoid. These can also be called problem solving dreams, as they allow one to explore different options and approachinges to a problem, situation or relationship. Prophetic dreams appear to show future actions and events, or provide a sneak peak, before they occur in ones life.These have potential to greatly alter ones actions during the day, as one may try to change the future depending on the content. Dreams, in general, also have potential in determining ones mood for the following day. Those that cause strong emotion or feelings canaffect the body practically as much as does an emotion when awake (Walsh). A dream that causes extreme sadness can lead to one absorbing that emotion and feeling it throughout the rest of the d ay. Dreams are packed with symbols and metaphors that can lead to realizations of feelings deep within oneself, such as hidden feelings of being powerless, vulnerable, alone or ashamed (Pliskin 123). If one realizes the symbol and attempts to change the feelings, dreams actually can be life changing experiences. Another area dreams serve in is in the creativity department.They sometimes serve as store houses for inspiration, as The Dream bag says, Artists, musicians, dancers, sculptors, and inventors are able to dive deep into the source of inspiration and explore the vast reaches of their own creative potential by meeting face to face with the unconscious. The Beatles popular hits Yesterday and Let It Be, Robert Louis Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide, and works by artists such as Billy Joel and Beethoven are all examples of creations based off dreams. Dreams have the potential to have a very large role in determining the actions we take in life. Upon awakenin g, one must remember this concept Dreams serve as the voice of our subconscious, and if its ignored, it may try to gain your vigilance in a more mesomorphic way. A more negative and powerful type of dream is the nightmare.The word nightmare actually alludes to a night devil, who people used to believe would approach you as you were sleeping and press against your chest which caused the nightmares (Robbins 10). Of course this belief has been discredited but it has not stopped peoples lives from being greatly affected by nightmares. What exactly could be behind you having a nightmare? Well, besides the opportunity that you may just have a nightmare one night, there are other pre-sleep activities that may cause nightmares. A late night snack actually leads to an increase of the metabolism and also increases brain activity (WebMD). Medications and drugs may also be underlying factors, as they affect the brain in numerous and varying ways. Lastly, post-traumatic stress disorder can le ad to nightmares as it causes people to relive past horrifying experiences. Nightmares are caused by many things that impact and increase brain activity, as well as just past pestilential memories.However, these nightmares greatly impact ones body. They can lead to sleeping deprivation, or insomnia, as they actually make one scared to sleep because of the chance of a recurring nightmare. Sleep deprivation then leads to other medical conditions such as heart disease, depression and obesity. Due to quickened heart rate and increase blood pressure from the fear and anxiety associated with nightmares, natural death can even actually occur for those with bad heart conditions. Along with all the physical effects on the body, nightmares, just like dreams, act as warnings and have deeper meanings while analyzed. One example of a common nightmare is being in an out of control car.This may be a signal that you feel your life is hectic (Dreams Foundation). If you find a way to slow life bulg e this type of recurring nightmare may cease. If one tries to ignore or block nightmares, the subconscious, who is behind the content of the dream, may try to speak louder to get our attention (Dreams Foundation). They may start affecting our waking lives in sickness, accidents, relationship difficulties or other unfortunate issues that force us to deal with the problem. Although nightmares seem very negative one must remember this concept An avoidance or denial approach is much like putting a band aid on a cars blinking oil light because the light seems annoying (Dreams Foundation). Why ignore something that can potentially change your life for the best?The information I collected on dreaming led me to conclude that dreaming is, in fact, a huge part of our lives. Dreams virtually act as the voice of our subconscious and they warn us, help us and just sometimes allow us to go on adventures that are impossible in reality. Dreams occur for our benefit. That being said, nightmares occ ur for our benefit as well. Despite all the negative effects nightmares may have, they, just as dreams do, provide a window into our hidden and secret problems and ambitions. The purpose of dreams is not to supply pure entertainment while asleep, but to get out suppressed feelings that can change our life for the better.I was surprised to find that dreaming actually may lead to death as some people with worse heart conditions could die from the increase in heart rate while dreaming. I was also surprised to find that many artists are inspired by what images or people they see in their dreams. Further questions I have include how our mind is able to create places and people weve never seen before and yet make them meaningful and familiar to us? This research has most definitely opened my eyes to whats really going on when my eyes are closed. In the future when I dream I shall be determined to find what the meaning is to me and how it can possible change my life for the better. Dream o n.

Principles of Assessment in Lifelong Learning

Principles of pass judgmentment in lifelong skill Task A fo low a The sagaciousness deal is a vital part to teaching in the lifelong learning sector. All assessment requires the collecting and embarking of induction of schoolchild learning. There atomic number 18 many aspects to assessment which exit begin from the point of the leaner completing their initial application form. The principles of assessment come under three different headings, Initial assessment, plastic assessment and summative assessment. Each of the assessment criteria come with specific outcomes for the savant this exit assure the learner is get the best possible outcome to their learning.Looking at figure 6. 1 Gravells, A (pg112) assessment cycle as shown below The initial assessment provide be the crucial part of the learning journey. This will provide the relevant information selected to decide the leaners starting point. It is the level from which the learners assist and as intumesce as e xertion derriere be calculated. As stated by Green, M. (2003) Initial assessment needs to be make with learners rather than to them. It should be of benefit to learners and help them feel positive about themselves and their potential to learn. Initial assessment may start with establishing the learners, interests, aspirations experience and motivation or it may be part of a getting to know you activity in induction. It suffers you to look at the learning styles which are relevant to each learner. Whatever method you pick it needs to be flexible and should reflect the nature of the learner. From using a range of assessment methods it will enable you to summarize the learners starting point. Whichever method is chosen, it is of import that initial assessment contains some(prenominal) form of skill/knowledge assessment which spate be validated by the tutor.The initial assessment will on the wholeow the planning for any other services which may be inevitable to assist the learn er. It is essential that all interaction which takes place with the learner on the initial interview is recorded, this is done for the protection of the learner also the tutor can refer back to any conversation which has interpreted place. The recording of information will make sure the learner is on the correct course at the correct level, the learner actually wants to access the course. Planning for the assessment is basically you and your learner agreeing on which type and which methods of assessment are suitable.This will vary from learner to learner as they all fuck off different needs and also very(prenominal) often different learning styles. Also included in the planning assessment is setting appropriate target dates setting with both the learner this could also involve other members of stave. Assessment activity is all about how to assess the activity and what methods could be social functiond. For example if it is a student led assessment they could be completing the req uested assignment or even gathering some form competent indorse. If tutor/assessor led this could be observation, questioning or even photographic evidence.After the three initial assessments have been completed it is then cartridge clip to look at the assessment purpose and feedback, this enables the tutor to make the decision on whether the learner has been successful or otherwise. This is the point in which the tutor/assessor is able to try constructive feedback to the learner stating if any further actions are required. Reviewing the progress performer that any assessment plan can be review and altered at any one time to meet the learners required needs at the time, or upon completion of either the programme or the course.The review process enables you as the tutor to sit with your learner and give the opportunity you both time to discuss any relevant issues you may feel will aid in their learning. By reviewing the assessment activities which you use this will give you an opportunity to amend any if necessary. The formative assessment is the second base strand of the assessment process. formative assessments are ongoing practices that help both the teacher and student evaluate and reflect on how they are both doing, and what changes either or both might need to make to become a more rough-and-ready teacher and learner. Larry Ferlazzo (no date) Assessment for learning is also known as formative assessment. Assessment for learning is the process of seeking and interpreting evidence in use by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go, and how best to get there. Since the goal of formative assessment is to gain an understanding of what students know (and dont know) in ordain to make responsive changes in teaching and learning. Techniques such as teacher observation and classroom discussion have an important place alongside psychoanalysis of tests and homework.Much of what tutors and learners do in the classroom can be described as assessment for learning. (Black and Wiliam, 1998) says Assessment for learning can be defined as all those activities undertaken by teachers and/or by their students, which provide information to be used as feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged plastic assessment should occur regularly throughout the instructional process and, According to the National Center for Fair and Open Testing (NCFOT) (1999), Careful documentation can allow formative assessments to be used for summative purposes.The manner in which summative assessments are reported helps determine whether they can be easily translated for formative purposesespecially by the student, teacher, and parent. (Ainsworth & Viegut, 2006) state By varying the type of assessment you use over the course of the week, you can get a more blameless picture of what students know and understand, obtaining a multiple-measure assessment window into student understanding Some examples of a formative assessment could be * Asking questions * observations * self assessments * quizzes (sometimes) * learner record slip awayingThomas R. Guskey suggests that for assessments to become an integral part of the instructional process, teachers need to change their approach in three important ways. They must 1) use assessments as sources of information for both students and teachers, 2) follow assessments with high-quality corrective instruction, and 3) give students second chances to demonstrate success (2007). Assessment of learning is also known as summative assessment, assessments used to sum up a learners achievement. Summative assessment can be carried out as particular stages of the course or learning rogramme are completed, or at the end, whichever seems appropriate. Where achievement is recorded on an on-going basis, summative assessment may mean bringing all the evidence together, rather than carrying out an additional set of assessment activities. This means that all the requirements stipulated by the examining body are all collated and correct. Assignments to be marked and graded appropriately, making sure the work is that of the learners and no one elses. . Examples of summative assessment can be a written examination. Reliability is essential as they are used numerically to classify learners and compare them to each other.Traditional unit tests (multiple choice, genuine/false and sort answer questions) are poor summative assessments as they rarely require the application of skills and concepts or the demonstration of understandings rather than a unsullied reporting of information. The best summative assessments often incorporate the essential question(s) that have focused the unit, requiring students to answer one or more of the essential questions drawing upon ideas from ad hominem experience, from the texts studied, and from new text(s) encountered as a part of the assessment. Assessment methodsWithin my a rea of childcare/sexual health I use many varied types of assessment. The assessment criteria I use are based on the level of the learner and the suitability to the specific unit within the assignment. By using various methods of assessment I get a clearer picture of what went well with both tutor and learner and what was not so good so improvements can be made. Use right assessment to effectively plan to ensure all groups of students are suitably challenged and supported. Use a variety of strategies (ASL) to ensure students know where they are and what they need to do to improve in relation to their target grades.These must include * Skilful Questioning and other forms of oral feedback (relating to lesson objectives) which gauge and probe student understanding, as well as re-shaping of explanations and tasks. * Frequent written feedback (Marking), which follows Strengths, Attitude to learning, Level and Target (SALT) and where targets set are detailed enough that students can make progress. * Peer and/or self-assessment photographic assessment Photographic assessments are used usually with another form of assessment, observation or verbal.Photographic assessment allows the learner to do practical activities and have a photographic record of their achievements these can then be placed either into a book or a file and annotated by the learner which will explain the type of activity which had taken place. If this is done on a regular basis with activities at different levels the learner can see the progress which has been made. If and when using photographic evidence it should always be signed and authenticated by both the learner and the tutor. Is it valid? Yes as the photographic evidence will show as long as the photograph is annotated, dated and signed by a tutor/teacher.If the evidence is not current i. e. the picture taken six months before the criteria may have changed so photographic evidence may not be required or be insufficient for the number of wor k needing to be produced. As with positives there are also some negative points with this kind of assessment. * Some learners may not give permission to be photographed * It may mean learners are absent purposely to avoid taking part in the lesson. * You need to make sure all the equipment works and you have all your resources to hand. Verbal QuestioningThis is an excellent way to find out if the learner has understood the task which has been set for them. You can use the lesson objective in this carapace to keep referring back to. The questioning can be either informal or formal. You could state you are going to recap the lesson, stating you will be ask each learner a question at the end. This method is used quite a lot as it continually assess the learner knowledge. heavy(p) the students positive feedback throughout telling them no answer is unconventional getting them to expand on the answer they have just given.Demonstrations can be done with this method as you could demonst rate the subject at hand, asking questions continually and the students responding accordingly. * The down side is often learners are worried they will give the wrong answer. * They may feel embarrassed taking in front of others Observation Observational assessment is the perfect way to observe the students as they work on a specific project. This promotes independent learning gaining more than one view point also the learning is timed and controlled. This enables the teacher to roam around the classroom, now and then offering guidance and encouragement as the students work.Whist walking around the classroom the teacher is able to take notes on how students are performing and also whether or not modifications need to be made to the assignment. The observation works well when the teacher wishes to monitor how students work together in groups or individually. The observational process is also a useful to monitor behavior within the session. This is turn enables the teacher to move the learner(s) if necessary. * Students may not participate in the session as they feel they dont have the relevant information to give. May not get a true reflection of the outcome as some learners may come out with untruths. Portfolios Many aspects of the portfolio and the portfolio process provided assessment opportunities that contributed to improved work through feedback, conversations about content and quality, and other assessment relevant discussions. The collection also served to demonstrate progress and inform and support summative evaluations. The relationship between assessment and instruction requires re-examination so that information gathered from learner discussions can be used for instructional purposes.The disadvantages of this could be * Time consuming for staff marking them * Difficult to ensure reliability between staff * Can encourage cheating re ownership of work It is important that all learners being assessed by this means must have a shared understanding of th e level expected of their work. It is good practice to show learners relevant examples and suggest a proposed format, including suggesting a physical size, as this will help your back If the nature of the evidence needed from students is transparent, this can aid the marking and go towards reliability between staff.Also preparing a marking proforma for all staff should help. As portfolio building is usually time consuming, offer interim assessment opportunities so that learners can receive advice on whether the evidence they are assembling is appropriate. Consider assessing the portfolios as a team, with each free comments on a feedback sheet which could also have positives on the portfolio as this aids feedback for learners. Self-Assessment/Peer Assessment Learners can only achieve a learning goal if they understand that goal, and can assess what they need to do to reach it.The ability to assess ones own work is essential in acquiring that understanding. Peer assessment is also va luable because the interchange will be in a language that learners themselves would use, also because learning is enhanced when leaners themselves tak on the roles of teachers and examiners of others. Self-assessment and peer assessment is used to log the progress. This can be done by mind mapping in different colours. First colour what they know, second colour some of the information you have imparted, third colour all the information and what their peers know.This could be done on several different occasions to assess the progress which has been made, also to identify any areas of improvement, show the strengths of the learner. Below is a chart which I use and can be altered to allow for specialisation and levelling. The peer assessment could be a quiz which they complete they exchange papers to mark each others. This can give a sense impression of ownership to the student. In conclusion I feel that assessment is a necessary part of the learning process for both learner and tuto rs alike. It enables tutors and educational establishments to keep up to date records of the progress of each learner.Ofsted or any other government expectorate will able to see regular progress, marking from the members of staff and also positive comments with identifiable areas of any improvement required. Task B The assessment process is an on-going process to which all learners should be complicated in. One of the briny objectives to assessment is to enable all learners to take part at their own level. The need for inclusivity is paramount when doing assessment to enable each learner to be assessed at their own level. If necessary other services may need to be involved i. English as an additional Language (EAL) this will need contact lens with each subject leader and the co-ordinator for EAL. This will then look at the specific needs of the learner, ensure that assessment practice conforms with equality of opportunity, and monitor the accomplishment of EAL and ethnic minority students, setting them relevant challenging targets, and finally analyse and interpret the performance of EAL and ethnic minority students at the end of key stages. Whichever assessment method I have chosen it needs to address the intended curriculum outcomes and also the continuum of learning that is required to reach the outcomes.As I am assessing the learners they need to understand clearly what they are trying to learn, and what is expected of them. In turn they are given feedback I give them around the quality of their work and what in turn they can do to improve it. The advice they are given from me the tutor will go to making the necessary improvements. During this time they learners are fully involved in deciding what needs to be done next, and the relevant people who can give them help if required.

Letter of Advice for a Newly Engaged Couple Essay

Congratulations Susan and Gerald on your impending marriage. If I might, I would identical to contri merelye some words of advice and suggest some effective colloquy tools to off your marriage successful and satisfying. Successful conference between couples increase the likeliness for a happy marriage, something both couple strives for. Communication is a process of many a(prenominal) aspects that must be continually dear and perfected. though there be stumbling blocks in any relationship that may affect communication, following the advice in this garner will help you learn the many aspects of the communication process that must be continually intrustd and perfected. I learn put unitedly a list of suggestions of communication tools and things to watch out for you 2 that will serve as a helpful guide in working towards effective communication in your marriage. The list begins with the first effective communication tool which is to stand up and utilise perfecting your steamy intelligence. accurately perceiving other(a)s emotions may help to more correctly perceive the component partners needs and opinions and result in better perspective taking. (Schrder-Ab & Schtz, 2011, p. 156).Without emotional intelligence, you will non be able to understand, come crossways, and correctly respond to the emotions of the other mortal. Emotional intelligence concedes my married man to correctly perceive when a particular issue is important to me horizontal if he does not incur the same way. By disregarding the importance of the issue for me, he is show a lack of empathy and/or a lack of sensitivity towards the situation. The repeated practice of this process helps couples in exploitation relationship satisfaction or closeness with apiece other. (Schrder-Ab & Schtz, 2011, p. 156). People who argon awargon of their emotions and are sensitive to the emotions of others are better able to handle the ups and downs of liveness, torebound from adversity, a nd to maintain fulfilling relationships with others. (Sole, 2011, Ch. 2.5, para. 4).Read moreHow many words is a 10-minute speech.Emotional intelligence offer be achieved by raising self-awareness, providing empathy for the other soul, and by developing self-control oer your emotions. (Mind Tools, 2013). Self-awareness is paying attention to what you are focusing on and how you will interpret the world. (Sole, 2011, p. 74). Self-awareness will allow a person to stir control oer their thoughts, emotions, reactions which will all stick an effect on their behavior. A person that does not develop self-awareness could make tense situations worse by their behavior, reactions, lack of empathy, or a lack of sensitivity. A person that does not have control over their emotions lessens the likeliness of rational and coherent thinking. The next communication tool on my suggested list is to practice self-disclosure, excessively another opportunity to develop emotional intelligence. Self-dis closure is described as sharing your private thoughts, fears, doubts and perceptions with your partner. (Schoenberg, 2011).There is zero to be gained if there is no self-disclosure between two slew. The ideal self-disclosure between each other should mirror each other. If the level of self-disclosure is not identical for each person, it could train to feelings of resentment, anger, embarrassment, low conceit, and the like which can lead to conflict. As the back-and-forth of the self-disclosure process progresses, so should the level of intimate information. If the levels of self-disclosure are mirrored, it can build a feeling of trust and it can give each person a feeling of closeness to the other person. When my hubby and I first started dating, we would spend hours deep in discourse getting to know each other. We have since enjoyed talking to each other. It is easily forgotten how to have meaningful conversations amid the bustle of life where functional conversation or poli te pleasantries become a daily routine. In an article I read that was compose by Schoenberg (2011), it suggests taking at least 10 minutes per solar day to discuss self-disclosure topics with each other.This could be a great technique to build a strong and firm foundation that also helps ratify your emotional intelligence skills. As we grow older, we change in our feelings, perspectives, perception, and the like. In taking the succession to practice the suggested daily 10 minutes to engage in mini sessions of self-disclosure, it keeps a couple connected, growing together in sync, andit improves the quality of communication. I will use myself and my husband as an example of the effectiveness of the 10 minute self-disclosure technique. My husband is busy with his day at work in the Army and I am busy with school and taking care of the kids. E rattling day is a nonstop busy day where we each have our responsibilities. Every evening before we got to sleep, my husband and I take the allotted time to remember ourselves as a couple. Even though we have been married for 11 long time, we still direct each other simple open ended questions such as, What movie did you like the most as a kid?, What did your family do for fun growing up?, and What places would you like to visit?.When you ask open-ended questions such as who, what, where, when, why, and how, it requires more than a yes or no answer and encourages the other person to talk. (Sole, 2011, p. 172). There is always a possibility for you to run into stumbling blocks indoors interpersonal interactions to each other. Stumbling blocks could be in the form of self-image, self-esteem, and misinterpretation. Self-image is what we tell ourselves what we look like, if we are fat or skinny, pretty or ugly, sassy or dumb, and the like. It is important to have a imperative self-image because in accepting and loving yourself, it will allow you to be accepted and loved by another person. (Sole, 2011, Ch. 3.1, para. 29) . If you do not have a positive self-image, it can be difficult to accept that another person accepts and loves you which could lead to distrust in a relationship. Self-esteem is your sense of self-worth and the level of satisfaction you have with yourself. (Sole, 2011, Ch. 3.1, Para. 30).A low self-esteem could cause problems within the relationship because it could bring a pessimistic attitude to difficulties that may rise. For many people, weight issues have the possible to cause low self-esteem. A great example of this concept would be myself at the times when I am at my heaviest and/or I am badly in need of a haircut. My observation tower is grim and chocked with frustration. I tend to have a negative attitude towards those around me and I have little to no desire to leave the house. This is in opposition to when I have improved my style and my self-esteem raises along with my attitude. I try to maintain a reasoning(a) self-esteem, which I suspect allows me to pluck myself out of the pocket of low self-esteem when needed. A person with a vigorous sense of self-esteem thinks highly of themselves and has confidence in their ability to bounce back from any adversities. If I didnot do my best to maintain a healthy self-esteem, I do not think I would be able to pull myself out of the low pockets of self-esteem.Instead, I would most likely fall into a depression. To notwithstanding demonstrate this concept, we can use an analogy of a person that takes vitamins on a daily basis. The person takes vitamins to strengthen their immune system but that does not guarantee they will never get sick. A healthy immune system will make you less vulnerable to disease and better equipped to overcome it. (Esteemed Self, 2013). In applying this analogy towards a persons self-image, a healthy self-image will not guarantee there will never be adversities. A healthy self-image will make a person less at risk of succumbing to adversity and able to overcome it. In essence, h aving a healthy self-image allows a person to believe in themselves and to be okay with the way they look, feel, and so forth. Another potence stumbling block is misinterpretation. mistaking occurs when one person incorrectly perceives the message of the other person. It is important to give feedback and to cause feedback to ensure proper communication. Correct understanding is inwrought for effective communication between each other.Misinterpretation can come from the tone in a persons character or from any gestural communication. The tone of a voice can sound very unfriendly from the sender, perhaps from having a bad day, which could confuse the listener. The listener could internalize the negative tone in the speakers voice thinking it is directed at them. Other problems with the tone of our voices could include unclear mumbling, yelling, talking too fast, or an irritated tone could all contribute to miscommunications. We must be conscious of the tone in our voices to void a ny miscommunications. Nonverbal communication is the message that our bodies give off. Much like the tone of our voices, it is important that we are mindful of what our body language is telling the person we are speaking to. For example, what we do with our look era we are communicating can signal to the other person if we are uninterested or world-weary in the conversation (not making eye contact, looking away, looking at our watch, etc.). Much like our eyes can communicate a message to the other person, so can our facial expressions. Our facial expressions can signal to the other person how we feel but, at times can be miscommunicated as insincerity. (Sole, 2011, p. 119). personate posture and hand gestures are also part of the nonverbal communication that we must be sensible of. Bodyposture can send messages of disinterest if, for example, a person is folding their arms patch they are communicating. Folding your arms can be very tempting to do, especially during a conflict. The examples of nonverbal communication mentioned will only serve as an aggravation to the situation, or rather conflict. An example of this is when my husband would smile as he was making a point during our disagreements (conflicts). It was not a genuine smile, but rather a condescending smile. After thinking about the behavior during our disagreements, my husband and I do a pact to do our best at avoiding this type of negative nonverbal communication. It is important to practice a healthy sense of self-concept, which is an inventory of your strengths, weaknesses, traits, race, heritage, and any other description that makes you who you are today. (Sole, 2011, Ch. 3.1, para. 1).Throughout your life up to this point, you have had many experiences to react and interpret different situations. My particular example of this would be the cultures that I grew up in. One illustration would be the Hispanic culture that my family and I are a part of. I experienced a sense of belonging to the Hispanic community and it therefore played a part in defining my self-concept. A sense of belonging is an important experience for a person so that they will see themselves as loved, loving, and valuable. (Ferrer & Fugate, 2003). In short, a person with a healthy sense of self-concept is able to have balance in their lives and is able to have better control over themselves, such as their emotions. This healthy sense of self-concept has a positive effect on relationships. Much like self-esteem or self-image, a negative sense of self-concept has the potential to keep a person from developing a feeling of belonging.In lacking the feeling of belonging, it could serve as a wedge that separates the several(prenominal) from another person thus preventing any closeness in forming. Throughout our formative years, we experience reactions from people that serve as a form of feedback or we perform a self-analysis on ourselves base on that feedback. One or both of these make their own particu lar contribution in regulate our self-concept, a sense of who we are based on a confederacy of the cultures we have belonged to. Over time, this combination of who we are strengthens our self-concept and is an important entice on your ability to perceive and overcome difficulties.In application to your relationship, your self-concept has an influence on how you will handlepersonal and sensitive issues that may arise. When communicating with each other, it is essential to develop good earreach skills. Listening has the power to make the other person feel worthy, appreciated, and respected. It is a very uncomfortable feeling when you are speaking to someone, they have poor listening skills, and you are left to investigate if they even care about what you are talking about. Comprehension listening, or critical listening, is listening for facts, information, or ideas that may be of use to you. (Sole, 2011, Ch. 7.3, Para. 16).Empathetic listening is when you make an attempt to put y ourself in the other persons shoes. (Sole, 2011, Ch. 7.3, Para. 18). Both types of listening will be of great use to you in your marriage. A great technique for both types of listening is the speaker-listener technique. To begin the exercise, the first speaker has the floor and when he or she is finished, the listener then summarizes what the speaker just said. This process is repeated back and forth throughout the disagreement or conversation. This technique helps in ensuring both people communicating are understanding each other. In taking a moment to summarize what the speaker has said, it gives validation to the speaker. This could also tie into emotional intelligence, or more specifically, the ability to be empathetic towards the other person. When a person does not feel validated, they will be less likely to listen to the other person. This is an effective technique to use when two people have difficulty in communicating with each other.Case in point, during the early years of my marriage to my husband, we were having difficulty during our disagreements. Our disagreements were filled with emotions and were very tense. Each of us wanted to get our point across and wanted the other person to listen to us. We realized we were accomplishing nothing. We made a decision to attend advise where we learned the speaker-listener technique. My husband and I both have a better understanding the importance of validity. It is essential for a person to be heard and validated in a conflict. In doing so, they will be more open to compromising with the other person. It has taken me many years to understand the importance of communication skills such as self-disclosure, emotional intelligence, and the speaker-listener technique.All of these skills combined help in avoiding the type of pitfalls that can trauma a marriage rather than help. I stress the importance of all of these skills to you so that you will be successful in the coming years ofmarriage. I will also stress avoiding stumbling blocks such as low self-esteem and misinterpretation that can rob any marriage of the joy of healthy communication. I am confident that both of you will be successful in practicing and perfecting the art of communication in the years to come. One last note to remember, interpersonal communication is ever changing because people are ever changing, therefore you will always need to practice and perfect it. Good luck on your marriage and have fun learning to communicate with each otherReferencesEsteemed Self. (2013). The Dangers of Low Self-Esteem. Retrieved from http//www.esteemedself.com/what-is-self-esteem/the-dangers-of-low-self-esteem/ Ferrer, M., & Fugate, A.M. (2003). component part Your School-Age Child Develop a Healthy Self-Concept. EDIS. Retrieved from http//edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy570 Schoenberg, N. (2011, January 17). Can we talk? Researcher talks about the case of communication in happy marriages. McClatchy-Tribune News Service. Retrieved from ProQuest Ne wsstand. Document ID 2240370261 Schrder-Ab, M., & Schtz, A. (2011). Walking in each others shoes Perspective taking mediates effects of emotional intelligence on relationship quality. European daybook of Personality, 25(2), 155-169. Doi10.1002/per.818 Sole, K. (2011).Making connections Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Mind Tools. (2013). Emotional intelligence. Retrieved from http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newCDV_59.htm

Inference Practice

Making an Inference Directions Some of the questions adjacent the passs learn you to make readences from the passages. To infer elbow room to arrive at a conclusion by reasoning from evidence. Synonyms for infer ar deduce, pronounce, or conclude. If you atomic number 18 told to infer something from a passage, you atomic number 18 basically cosmos asked what conclusions potbelly be drawn from the content of the story. Tip If you replace the word infer with conclude in a question, it whitethorn make to a great extent sense to you. In cities passim the country, thither is a new direction in topical anesthetic campaign coverage.Frequently in local anesthetic elections, journalists be not giving voters enough in trunkation to run into the issues and evaluate the kittydidates. The local news media devotes too much cartridge clip to scandal and not enough snip to policy. 1. This paragraph lift out supports the avouch workforcet that the local news media a. is not doing an adequate commercial enterprise when it comes to covering local campaigns. b. does not understand either campaign issues or politics. c. should learn how to cover politics by ceremonial the national news media. d. has no interest in covering stories somewhat local political events.The function of desktop computer equipment and softwargon to create high-quality documents such as newsletters, business cards, letterhead, and brochures is called Desktop Publishing, or DTP. The or so key part of any DTP pouch is planning. Before you begin, you should know your intended audience, the message you emergency to communicate, and what form your message will seclude. 2. The paragraph outflank supports the statement that e. Desktop Publishing is unmatchable opines to fabricate acquainted with a new business audience. f. computer softw are is continually being refined to constitute high-quality printing. . the first stage of any proposed DTP project should be organization and de sign. h. the planning stage of any DTP project should include talking with the intended audience. The entire low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet argument is so prevalent that one would signify that these are the lonesome(prenominal) two options available for losing weight and staying wellnessy. Some experts even feel that the low-carb/low-fat cope distracts us from an even more than big issueour cultures reliance on processed and manufactured foods. 3. The paragraph surpass supports the statement that i. xperts state that not all fats are fitting, so we need not reduce our using up of all fats just those that contain partially hydrogenated oils. j. big health c formerlyrns get overlooked when we focus wholly on the low-fat versus low-carb question. k. low-carbohydrate diets lead to significant and sustained weight loss. l. processed foods can lead to many unbecoming health problems including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obe layy. Every year, Americans use over one billion sharp objects to administer healthcare in their homes. These sharp objects include lancets, needles, and syringes.If not disposed of in puncture-resistant containers, they can injure sanitation wee-weeers. precipitously objects should be disposed of in hard plastic or metal containers with secure lids. The containers should be intelligibly marked and be puncture resistant. 4. The paragraph best supports the base that sanitation workers can be injure if they m. do not place sharp objects in puncture-resistant containers. n. come in contact with sharp objects that study not been placed in secure containers. o. are careless(prenominal) with sharp objects such as lancets, needles, and syringes in their homes. p. o not mark the containers they pick up with a warning that those containers contain sharp objects. litigation is not always the only or best way to resolve conflicts. Mediation offers an alternative come on and it is one that can be quite efficient and succes sful. Mediation can be prompter, less expensive, and can lead to creative solutions not always possible in a court of law. Additionally, mediation focuses on mutually acceptable solutions, rather than on winning or losing. 5. This paragraph best supports the idea that q. in that respect is too much reliance on litigation in our society. r. itigation is expensive, slow, and limited by its reliance on following the letter of the law. s. mediation is the best way to resolve a crisis. t. mediation can be an effective way to resolve conflicts. One of the missions of the Peace Corps is to jockstrap the people of interested countries receive their need for trained men and women. People who work for the Peace Corps do so because they want to, plainly to keep the agency dynamic with fresh ideas, no staff member can work for the agency for more than five years. 6. The paragraph best supports the statement that Peace Corps employees u. are passing intelligent people. . must train for ab out five years. w. are choosed for a limited marches of employment. x. countenance both academic and work experience. More and more component part workers telecommute from offices in their own homes. The acme of telecommuting is both greater productivity and greater flexibility. Telecommuters produce, on average, 20% more than if they were to work in an office, and their flexible schedule allows them to balance both their family and work responsibilities. 7. The paragraph best supports the statement that telecommuters y. get more work done in a given time period than workers who go away to the office. . produce a better quality work product than workers who travel to the office. . are more flexible in their ideas than workers who travel to the office. . would do 20% more work if they were to work in an office. Sushi, the thousand-year-old Japanese delicacy, started s obtain mall in the linked States, in a handful of restaurants in big cities. Today, sushi consumption in Amer ica is 50% greater than it was ten years ago and not just in restaurants. Sushi is also sold at concession stands in sports stadiums, university dining halls, and in supermarkets throughout the country. . This paragraph best supports the statement that . sushi is now a fast food as popular as risque dogs, burgers, and fries. . more sushi is sold in restaurants than in supermarkets. . Americans are more adventurous eaters than they were in the past. . sushi wasnt always replete(p)ly available in the United States. Todays shopping mall has as its antecedents historical marketplaces, such as Greek agoras, European piazzas, and Asian bazaars. The theatrical role of these sites, as with the shopping mall, is both economic and social.People not only go to buy and sell wares, but also to be seen, catch up on news, and be part of the human drama. 9. The paragraph best supports the statement that . youthful Americans spend an average of 15 hours a month in shopping malls. . shopping mall s serve an important purpose in our culture. . shopping malls have a social as head as commercial message function. . there are historical antecedents for almost everything in contemporary society. Many animals hole up during parts of the year, get in a state that is similar to a very deep sleep. notwithstanding hibernation is more than simply a deep sleep.The animals eubstance temperature drops well below its normal range, the animal does not wake up for a long period of time, and its metabolism slows to the point that the animal does not need to eat or quiet itself during that period. In order to localize for hibernation, the animal must build up its body weight and addition its body fat. This is important, since the animal will be living off its own body fat during the months of hibernation. Of course, once the period of hibernation is over, the animal wakes up to find itself slim and trim once again 10. How does an animal prepare for hibernation? . It exercises for two m onths. It gradually increases its sleeping habits. . It grows extra fur. . It eats more food than usual. 11. This passage best supports the statement that . all animals hibernate to some degree. . food is scarce in the winter. . hibernation is very different from normal sleep. . bears hibernate every year. Patrick Henry is considered one of the great patriots of Americas early history. He was a leader in every pro interrogation against British tyranny and in every movement for colonial rights, openly speaking against the unsporting taxation and overly burdensome regulations imposed upon the American colonists by the British Parliament.In March 1775, Patrick Henry urged his curse Virginians to arm themselves in self-defense. He spoke boldly in Richmond, Virginia, during the meeting of the state legislature. He unsympathetic that famous speech with the immortal terminology, I know not what course new(prenominal)s may meditate but as for me, give me liberty or give me death. 12. This passage best supports the statement that . Patrick Henry after became a governor of West Virginia. . the Virginia legislature was not listening to Henrys speech. . Patrick Henry was willing to lay slew his life for his country. People in Colonial times nervusd harsh living conditions. 13. Which of the following would be the most clutch title for this passage? . The Speeches of Patrick Henry . Patrick Henry, American Patriot . Early American Patriots . taradiddle of the Virginia Legislature Ratatouille is a dish that has grown in popularity over the last few years. It features eggplant, zucchini, tomatoes, peppers, and garlic chopped, fluffed, sauteed, and finally, cooked easily over low heat. As the vegetables cook slowly, they make their own broth, which may be extended with a little tomato paste.The name ratatouille comes from the French word touiller, meaning to stir or mix together. 14. Which of the following is the correct order of steps for making ratatouille? . c hop vegetables, add tomato paste, stir or mix together . mix the vegetables together, saute them, and add tomato paste . cook the vegetables slowly, mix them together, add tomato paste . add tomato paste to extend the broth and cook slowly overlow heat 15. Ratatouille can best be described as a . French pastry. . sauce to put over vegetables. . pasta dish extended with tomato paste. vegetable stew. The competitive civil-service system is designed to give candidates fair and equal treatment and to ensure that federal applicants are hired ground on objective criteria. Hiring has to be ground solely on a candidates knowledge, skills, and abilities (which youll sometimes see abbreviated as ksa), and not on outside(a) factors such as race, religion, sex, and so on. Whereas employers in the private sector can hire employees for subjective reasons, federal employers must be able to justify their decision with objective evidence that the candidate is qualified. 6. The paragraph best su pports the statement that . hiring in the private sector is inherently unfair. . ksa is not as important as test scores to federal employers. . federal hiring practices are simpler than those employed by the private sector. . the civil service strives to hire on the basis of a candidates abilities. 17. The federal governments practice of hiring on the basis of ksa frequently results in the hiring of employees . based on race, religion, sex, and so forth. . who are unqualified for the job. . who are qualified for the job. on the basis of subjective judgment. It is well known that the orbit urgently needs adequate distribution of food, so that everyone gets enough. Adequate distribution of medical specialty is just as urgent. Medical expertise and medical supplies need to be redistributed throughout the world so that people in appear nations will have proper medical care. 18. This paragraph best supports the statement that . the majority of the people in the world have no medical c are. . medical resources in emerging nations have diminished in the past few years. not enough doctors give time and money to those in need of medical care. . many people who live in emerging nations are not receiving proper medical care. Knitting has made a major comeback. People are plain stitch on college campuses, in coffee shops, and in small knit groups throughout the United States. New knitting stores, many with cafes, are popping up all over, and there are more knitting books and magazines being published than ever beforehand. And not all of these knitters are women As knitting continues to surge in popularity, men are picking up knitting needles in record numbers. 9. The paragraph best supports the statement that . association a knitting group is a great way to make new friends. . some people knit because it helps them relax and release melodic line. . todays knitter is not the stereotypical grandm some other in a rocking chair. . as is the causal agency with all fad s, this new obsession with knitting will fade quickly. Everyone is sensitive to extreme weather conditions. But with age, the body may become less able to respond to long exposure to very hot or very ice-cold temperatures. Some older people might develop hypothermia when exposed to cold weather.Hypothermia is a drop in internal body temperature, which can be fatal if not detected and treated. 20. The paragraph best supports the statement that . cold weather is more dangerous for older people than unattackable weather. . hypothermia is a condition that only affects older people. . older people who live in warm climates are healthier than older people who live in cold climates. . an older person is more sensitized to hypothermia than a younger person. Whether you can accomplish a specific goal or meet a specific deadline depends first on how much time you need to get the job done.What should you do when the demands of the job exceed the time you have available? The best approach i s to divide the project into smaller pieces. unalike goals will have to be divided in different ways, but one take careingly delusive goal can often be accomplished by working on several smaller, more reasonable goals. 21. The main idea of the passage is that . jobs often remain only partially completed because of wish of time. . the best way to complete projects is to make sure your goals are achievable. . the best way to tackle a large project is to separate it into smaller parts. the best approach to a demanding job is to delegate responsibility. wellness clubs have undergone a major transformation that can be described in common chord row mind, body, and spirit. Loud, fast, heartt-humping aerobics has been replaced by the hushed tones of yoga and the controlled movements of Pilates. The clubs are responding to the needs of their customers who are increasingly looking for a adjourn from their hectic lifestyles and a way to find a healthy balance in their lives by nurturing their on the whole selves. 22. The main idea of the paragraph is that exercise is less important now than it once was. . health clubs are much less popular now than they were ten years ago. . many health clubs will go out of business because of the decline in traditional exercise. . peoples desire to nurture all aspects of themselves has contributed to big changes for health clubs. For most judges, sentencing a person who has been convicted of a crime is a difficult decision. In the majority of jurisdictions throughout the country, judges have few sentencing options from which to choose. Generally, their options are confined to a fine, probation, or incarceration.Crimes, however, cover a wide spectrum of criminal behavior and motivation, and a wide variety of sanctions should be available. 23. The main idea of the paragraph is that . there should be laws that dictate which objurgate a judge should hand down. . someone other than a judge should be allowed to reprobate a criminal. . judges should be given more sentencing options from which to choose. . more money should be spent on the criminal justice system. Before you begin to compose a business letter, sit down and think about your purpose in writing the letter.Do you want to request information, order a product, register a complaint, or apply for something? Do some cogitate and gather information before you begin writing. Always keep your objective in mind. 24. The main idea of the passage is that . planning is an important part of writing a business letter. . business letters are frequently complaint letters. . brainstorming and writing take approximately equal amounts of time. . many people fail to plan ahead when they are writing a business letter. Keeping busy at important tasks is much more need than having too little to do.Todays employees are not afraid of responsibility. Most people are willing to take on extra responsibility in order to have more variety in their positions. In addition, along with that responsibility should come more authority to independently carry out some important tasks. 25. The main idea of the paragraph is that . variety and independence on the job increase employee motivation. . to avoid boredom, many people do more work than their jobs require of them. . todays employees are demanding more independence than ever before. . office jobs in the past have carried less responsibility.Managing job and family is not simple. Both commitments make strong demands on people and are sometimes in direct opposition to each other. Saying yes to one means swearing no to the other, and stress can often result. Being realistic and creating a balance in life can help set priorities. 26. The main idea of the paragraph is that . most family responsibilities cause stress at home and at work. . because it pays the bills, a job must take priority over other commitments. . it is important to have a balance between job and family responsibilities. because they are so imp ortant, family duties must take priority over the job. Women business owners are critically important to the American economy, yet women still face unique obstacles in the business world. The U. S. Small Business organisation offers a variety of programs and services to help women-owned businesses succeed and to advocate for women entrepreneurs. 27. This paragraph best supports the statement that women business owners . have more success in the United States than in other countries. . cannot succeed without outside help. . may find the Small Business Administration a useful resource. should not make any major decisions without seeking the advice of the Small Business Administration. Passages in this section can have one to six questions following. You must respond accordingly. Use of electronic transport ( netmail) has been widespread for more than a disco biscuit. E-mail simplifies the flow of ideas, connects people from distant offices, eliminates the need for meetings, and oft en boosts productivity. However, email should be carefully managed to avoid unclear and inappropriate communication. E-mail messages should be concise and limited to one topic.When complex issues need to be communicate, phone calls are still best. 28. The main idea of the paragraph is that e-mail . is not always the easiest way to connect people from distant offices. . has changed considerably since it first began a decade ago. . causes people to be unproductive when it is used ridiculously. . is effective for certain kinds of messages but only if managed wisely. 29. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? . Appropriate Use of E-Mail . E-Mails Popularity . E-Mail The Ideal track of Communication . Why Phone Calls Are Better Than E-MailNative American art often incorporates a talking to of abstract visual symbols. The artist gives a poetic message to the viewer, communicating the beauty of an idea, either by using religious symbols or a design from nature such as rain on leaves or sunshine on water. The idea communicated may even be purely whimsical, in which incident the artist might start out with symbols developed from a birds tracks or a childs toy. 30. The main idea of the passage is that Native American art . is purely poetic and dreamlike. . is usually abstract, although it can also be poetic and beautiful. communicates the beauty of ideas through the use of symbols. . is sometimes purely whimsical. Answers 1. a. filling d may seem attractive at first, but the passage simply says that the local media does not adequately cover local politicsit doesnt discuss the reason for their neglect. 2. c. Sentence 3 indicates the importance of organization and design. The other choices, even if true, are not in the passage. 3. b. Both sentences in this passage support the idea that the emphasis on the low-carb/low-fat debate is misleading and might distract us from other important ideas.The other choices are not support by o r developed in this passage. 4. b. The other choices are wrong because the passage is not have-to doe with with how sanitation workers should deal with sharp objects but with how everyone should dispose of sharp objects in order to avoid bother sanitation workers. 5. d. See the second sentence of the passage. pickings a and b are not in the passage. Choice c might seem attractive, but the passage does not say that mediation is the best way to resolve a conflict, simply that it is an alternative way that might prove effective. 6. c. See the final sentence of the passage.The other choices might be true but are not in the passage. 7. a. The second sentence speaks of the greater productivity of telecommuters. The other choices may seem attractive on the surface because they contain words and phrases from the passage, but a closer look will show them to be incorrect or heedless from the passage. 8. d. The first sentence indicates that sushi was once available only in a handful of eat ing establishments. 9. c. Choice b may seem attractive at first, but the passage doesnt offer the opinion that the purpose of the shopping mall is important, it simply tells us what the purposes are. 0. d. The second paragraph states that an animal prepares for hibernation by increasing its body weight and fat. The reader can infer from this that the animal eats more food than usual. 11. c. The passage states that hibernation is more than simply a deep sleep, then lists several ways that hibernation differs from sleep. The other choices are not addressed in the passage. 12. c. Patrick Henrys famous words, Give me liberty or give me death, indicate that he was willing to rouse for his nations freedomeven if it cost him his life. The other choices are not addressed in the passage. 3. b. The passage is about Patrick Henry, and focuses on his patriotic activities. No other patriot is mentioned, nor is information given about his other speeches or about the Virginia legislature. 14. b. See the second and third sentences for the steps in making ratatouille. Only choice b reflects the correct order. 15. d. The main part of the passage describes how to cook vegetables. Only choice d indicates that vegetables are include in the dish. The other choices are not reflected in the passage. 16. d. See the final sentence of the passage. 17. c.See the second sentence, which defines ksa. The other choices are refuted in the passage. 18. d. This answer is implied by the statement that redistribution is needed so that people in emerging nations can have proper medical care. Choices a, b, and c are not mentioned in the passage. 19. c. This choice is the best answer because the paragraph indicates that the new knitters are of varying ages and are not just women. Choices a and b may be true, but they are not supported by the paragraph. Choice d is a prediction that is not made in the paragraph. 20. d.The paragraph specifically states that age makes a person less able to respond to long exposure to very hot or very cold temperatures. This would mean that older people are more susceptible to hypothermia. Choices a, b, and c are not supported by the information given in the paragraph. 21. c. The third sentence is the main idea. It is a general idea that answers the only question posed in the passage. The other choices are not in the passage. 22. d. The passage states that health clubs have undergone a major transformation due to peoples interest in taking care of their minds, bodies, and spirits.Choice a is incorrect because the paragraph doesnt say exercise is less important. It simply says the focus and type of exercise have changed. Choices b and c are not supported by the paragraph. 23. c. This choice is closely related to all three sentences of the passage. Choice a is contradicted in the passage. Choices b and d are not in the passage. 24. a. The entire passage relates to this idea. The other ideas are not reflected in the passage. 25. a. This is the main idea of the passage because all the sentences relate to it.The other choices may be true but are not reflected in the passage. 26. c. This idea is expressed in the final sentence and wraps up the passage, speaking of the importance of creating a balance. The other choices are not in the passage. 27. c. The support for choice c is given in the second sentence. No support is given for choices a and d. Choice b is incorrect because the paragraph states that women business owners face unique obstacles, but it does not say that they absolutely require outside help to succeed, just that it is available. 8. d. This choice encompasses the main information in the passage. Choices a, b, and c are not mentioned. 29. a. The title should express the main idea of the passage. The passage, as a whole, focuses on appropriate and inappropriate uses of e-mail. The other choices address more specific ideas expressed in the passage but are not its main idea. 30. c. The first and second sentences reflec t this idea. The passage does not say that Native American art is dreamlike (choice a). Choices b and d are too limited to be main ideas.